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<title>The GNU C Library: Table of Contents</title>

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<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<div class="contents">

<ul class="toc">
  <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="libc_1.html#Introduction">1. Introduction</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Getting-Started-1" href="libc_1.html#Getting-Started">1.1 Getting Started</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Standards-and-Portability-1" href="libc_1.html#Standards-and-Portability">1.2 Standards and Portability</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-ISO-C-1" href="libc_1.html#ISO-C">1.2.1 ISO C</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-POSIX-_0028The-Portable-Operating-System-Interface_0029" href="libc_1.html#POSIX">1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Berkeley-Unix-1" href="libc_1.html#Berkeley-Unix">1.2.3 Berkeley Unix</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-SVID-_0028The-System-V-Interface-Description_0029" href="libc_1.html#SVID">1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-XPG-_0028The-X_002fOpen-Portability-Guide_0029" href="libc_1.html#XPG">1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Using-the-Library-1" href="libc_1.html#Using-the-Library">1.3 Using the Library</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Header-Files-1" href="libc_1.html#Header-Files">1.3.1 Header Files</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Macro-Definitions-of-Functions" href="libc_1.html#Macro-Definitions">1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Reserved-Names-1" href="libc_1.html#Reserved-Names">1.3.3 Reserved Names</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Feature-Test-Macros-1" href="libc_1.html#Feature-Test-Macros">1.3.4 Feature Test Macros</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Roadmap-to-the-Manual-1" href="libc_1.html#Roadmap-to-the-Manual">1.4 Roadmap to the Manual</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Error-Reporting-1" href="libc_2.html#Error-Reporting">2. Error Reporting</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Checking-for-Errors-1" href="libc_2.html#Checking-for-Errors">2.1 Checking for Errors</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Error-Codes-1" href="libc_2.html#Error-Codes">2.2 Error Codes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Error-Messages-1" href="libc_2.html#Error-Messages">2.3 Error Messages</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Virtual-Memory-Allocation-And-Paging" href="libc_3.html#Memory">3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Memory-Concepts" href="libc_3.html#Memory-Concepts">3.1 Process Memory Concepts</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Allocating-Storage-For-Program-Data" href="libc_3.html#Memory-Allocation">3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Memory-Allocation-in-C-Programs" href="libc_3.html#Memory-Allocation-and-C">3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Dynamic-Memory-Allocation" href="libc_3.html#Dynamic-Memory-Allocation">3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Unconstrained-Allocation-1" href="libc_3.html#Unconstrained-Allocation">3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Basic-Memory-Allocation" href="libc_3.html#Basic-Allocation">3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Examples-of-malloc" href="libc_3.html#Malloc-Examples">3.2.2.2 Examples of <code>malloc</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Freeing-Memory-Allocated-with-malloc" href="libc_3.html#Freeing-after-Malloc">3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with <code>malloc</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Changing-the-Size-of-a-Block" href="libc_3.html#Changing-Block-Size">3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Allocating-Cleared-Space-1" href="libc_3.html#Allocating-Cleared-Space">3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Efficiency-Considerations-for-malloc" href="libc_3.html#Efficiency-and-Malloc">3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for <code>malloc</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Allocating-Aligned-Memory-Blocks" href="libc_3.html#Aligned-Memory-Blocks">3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Malloc-Tunable-Parameters-1" href="libc_3.html#Malloc-Tunable-Parameters">3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Heap-Consistency-Checking-1" href="libc_3.html#Heap-Consistency-Checking">3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Memory-Allocation-Hooks" href="libc_3.html#Hooks-for-Malloc">3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Statistics-for-Memory-Allocation-with-malloc" href="libc_3.html#Statistics-of-Malloc">3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with <code>malloc</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Summary-of-malloc_002dRelated-Functions" href="libc_3.html#Summary-of-Malloc">3.2.2.12 Summary of <code>malloc</code>-Related Functions</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Allocation-Debugging-1" href="libc_3.html#Allocation-Debugging">3.2.3 Allocation Debugging</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-How-to-install-the-tracing-functionality" href="libc_3.html#Tracing-malloc">3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Example-program-excerpts" href="libc_3.html#Using-the-Memory-Debugger">3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Some-more-or-less-clever-ideas" href="libc_3.html#Tips-for-the-Memory-Debugger">3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Interpreting-the-traces-1" href="libc_3.html#Interpreting-the-traces">3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Obstacks-1" href="libc_3.html#Obstacks">3.2.4 Obstacks</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Creating-Obstacks-1" href="libc_3.html#Creating-Obstacks">3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Preparing-for-Using-Obstacks" href="libc_3.html#Preparing-for-Obstacks">3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Allocation-in-an-Obstack-1" href="libc_3.html#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Freeing-Objects-in-an-Obstack" href="libc_3.html#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Obstack-Functions-and-Macros" href="libc_3.html#Obstack-Functions">3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Growing-Objects-1" href="libc_3.html#Growing-Objects">3.2.4.6 Growing Objects</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Extra-Fast-Growing-Objects" href="libc_3.html#Extra-Fast-Growing">3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Status-of-an-Obstack-1" href="libc_3.html#Status-of-an-Obstack">3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Alignment-of-Data-in-Obstacks" href="libc_3.html#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Obstack-Chunks-1" href="libc_3.html#Obstack-Chunks">3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Summary-of-Obstack-Functions" href="libc_3.html#Summary-of-Obstacks">3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Automatic-Storage-with-Variable-Size" href="libc_3.html#Variable-Size-Automatic">3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-alloca-Example" href="libc_3.html#Alloca-Example">3.2.5.1 <code>alloca</code> Example</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Advantages-of-alloca" href="libc_3.html#Advantages-of-Alloca">3.2.5.2 Advantages of <code>alloca</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Disadvantages-of-alloca" href="libc_3.html#Disadvantages-of-Alloca">3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of <code>alloca</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-GNU-C-Variable_002dSize-Arrays-1" href="libc_3.html#GNU-C-Variable_002dSize-Arrays">3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Resizing-the-Data-Segment-1" href="libc_3.html#Resizing-the-Data-Segment">3.3 Resizing the Data Segment</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Locking-Pages-1" href="libc_3.html#Locking-Pages">3.4 Locking Pages</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Why-Lock-Pages-1" href="libc_3.html#Why-Lock-Pages">3.4.1 Why Lock Pages</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Locked-Memory-Details-1" href="libc_3.html#Locked-Memory-Details">3.4.2 Locked Memory Details</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Functions-To-Lock-And-Unlock-Pages" href="libc_3.html#Page-Lock-Functions">3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Character-Handling-1" href="libc_4.html#Character-Handling">4. Character Handling</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Classification-of-Characters-1" href="libc_4.html#Classification-of-Characters">4.1 Classification of Characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Case-Conversion-1" href="libc_4.html#Case-Conversion">4.2 Case Conversion</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Character-class-determination-for-wide-characters" href="libc_4.html#Classification-of-Wide-Characters">4.3 Character class determination for wide characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Notes-on-using-the-wide-character-classes" href="libc_4.html#Using-Wide-Char-Classes">4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Mapping-of-wide-characters_002e" href="libc_4.html#Wide-Character-Case-Conversion">4.5 Mapping of wide characters.</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-String-and-Array-Utilities-1" href="libc_5.html#String-and-Array-Utilities">5. String and Array Utilities</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Representation-of-Strings-1" href="libc_5.html#Representation-of-Strings">5.1 Representation of Strings</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-String-and-Array-Conventions" href="libc_5.html#String_002fArray-Conventions">5.2 String and Array Conventions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-String-Length-1" href="libc_5.html#String-Length">5.3 String Length</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Copying-and-Concatenation-1" href="libc_5.html#Copying-and-Concatenation">5.4 Copying and Concatenation</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-String_002fArray-Comparison-1" href="libc_5.html#String_002fArray-Comparison">5.5 String/Array Comparison</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Collation-Functions-1" href="libc_5.html#Collation-Functions">5.6 Collation Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Search-Functions-1" href="libc_5.html#Search-Functions">5.7 Search Functions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Compatibility-String-Search-Functions" href="libc_5.html#Compatibility-String-Search-Functions">5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Finding-Tokens-in-a-String-1" href="libc_5.html#Finding-Tokens-in-a-String">5.8 Finding Tokens in a String</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-strfry-1" href="libc_5.html#strfry">5.9 strfry</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Trivial-Encryption-1" href="libc_5.html#Trivial-Encryption">5.10 Trivial Encryption</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Encode-Binary-Data-1" href="libc_5.html#Encode-Binary-Data">5.11 Encode Binary Data</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Argz-and-Envz-Vectors-1" href="libc_5.html#Argz-and-Envz-Vectors">5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Argz-Functions-1" href="libc_5.html#Argz-Functions">5.12.1 Argz Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Envz-Functions-1" href="libc_5.html#Envz-Functions">5.12.2 Envz Functions</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Character-Set-Handling-1" href="libc_6.html#Character-Set-Handling">6. Character Set Handling</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Extended-Characters" href="libc_6.html#Extended-Char-Intro">6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Overview-about-Character-Handling-Functions" href="libc_6.html#Charset-Function-Overview">6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Restartable-Multibyte-Conversion-Functions" href="libc_6.html#Restartable-multibyte-conversion">6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Selecting-the-conversion-and-its-properties" href="libc_6.html#Selecting-the-Conversion">6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Representing-the-state-of-the-conversion" href="libc_6.html#Keeping-the-state">6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Converting-Single-Characters" href="libc_6.html#Converting-a-Character">6.3.3 Converting Single Characters</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Converting-Multibyte-and-Wide-Character-Strings" href="libc_6.html#Converting-Strings">6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-A-Complete-Multibyte-Conversion-Example" href="libc_6.html#Multibyte-Conversion-Example">6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Non_002dreentrant-Conversion-Function" href="libc_6.html#Non_002dreentrant-Conversion">6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Non_002dreentrant-Conversion-of-Single-Characters" href="libc_6.html#Non_002dreentrant-Character-Conversion">6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Non_002dreentrant-Conversion-of-Strings" href="libc_6.html#Non_002dreentrant-String-Conversion">6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-States-in-Non_002dreentrant-Functions" href="libc_6.html#Shift-State">6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Generic-Charset-Conversion-1" href="libc_6.html#Generic-Charset-Conversion">6.5 Generic Charset Conversion</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Generic-Character-Set-Conversion-Interface" href="libc_6.html#Generic-Conversion-Interface">6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-A-complete-iconv-example" href="libc_6.html#iconv-Examples">6.5.2 A complete <code>iconv</code> example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Some-Details-about-other-iconv-Implementations" href="libc_6.html#Other-iconv-Implementations">6.5.3 Some Details about other <code>iconv</code> Implementations</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-iconv-Implementation-in-the-GNU-C-library" href="libc_6.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4 The <code>iconv</code> Implementation in the GNU C library</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Format-of-gconv_002dmodules-files" href="libc_6.html#Format-of-gconv_002dmodules-files">6.5.4.1 Format of &lsquo;<tt>gconv-modules</tt>&rsquo; files</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Finding-the-conversion-path-in-iconv" href="libc_6.html#Finding-the-conversion-path-in-iconv">6.5.4.2 Finding the conversion path in <code>iconv</code></a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-iconv-module-data-structures" href="libc_6.html#iconv-module-data-structures">6.5.4.3 <code>iconv</code> module data structures</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-iconv-module-interfaces" href="libc_6.html#iconv-module-interfaces">6.5.4.4 <code>iconv</code> module interfaces</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Locales-and-Internationalization" href="libc_7.html#Locales">7. Locales and Internationalization</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-What-Effects-a-Locale-Has" href="libc_7.html#Effects-of-Locale">7.1 What Effects a Locale Has</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Choosing-a-Locale" href="libc_7.html#Choosing-Locale">7.2 Choosing a Locale</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Categories-of-Activities-that-Locales-Affect" href="libc_7.html#Locale-Categories">7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-How-Programs-Set-the-Locale" href="libc_7.html#Setting-the-Locale">7.4 How Programs Set the Locale</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Standard-Locales-1" href="libc_7.html#Standard-Locales">7.5 Standard Locales</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Accessing-Locale-Information" href="libc_7.html#Locale-Information">7.6 Accessing Locale Information</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-localeconv_003a-It-is-portable-but-_2026" href="libc_7.html#The-Lame-Way-to-Locale-Data">7.6.1 <code>localeconv</code>: It is portable but &hellip;</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Generic-Numeric-Formatting-Parameters" href="libc_7.html#General-Numeric">7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Printing-the-Currency-Symbol" href="libc_7.html#Currency-Symbol">7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Printing-the-Sign-of-a-Monetary-Amount" href="libc_7.html#Sign-of-Money-Amount">7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Pinpoint-Access-to-Locale-Data" href="libc_7.html#The-Elegant-and-Fast-Way">7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-A-dedicated-function-to-format-numbers" href="libc_7.html#Formatting-Numbers">7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions-1" href="libc_7.html#Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions">7.8 Yes-or-No Questions</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Message-Translation-1" href="libc_8.html#Message-Translation">8. Message Translation</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-X_002fOpen-Message-Catalog-Handling" href="libc_8.html#Message-catalogs-a-la-X_002fOpen">8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-catgets-function-family" href="libc_8.html#The-catgets-Functions">8.1.1 The <code>catgets</code> function family</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Format-of-the-message-catalog-files" href="libc_8.html#The-message-catalog-files">8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Generate-Message-Catalogs-files" href="libc_8.html#The-gencat-program">8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-to-use-the-catgets-interface" href="libc_8.html#Common-Usage">8.1.4 How to use the <code>catgets</code> interface</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Not-using-symbolic-names" href="libc_8.html#Not-using-symbolic-names">8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Using-symbolic-names" href="libc_8.html#Using-symbolic-names">8.1.4.2 Using symbolic names</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-How-does-to-this-allow-to-develop" href="libc_8.html#How-does-to-this-allow-to-develop">8.1.4.3 How does to this allow to develop</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-Uniforum-approach-to-Message-Translation" href="libc_8.html#The-Uniforum-approach">8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-gettext-family-of-functions" href="libc_8.html#Message-catalogs-with-gettext">8.2.1 The <code>gettext</code> family of functions</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-What-has-to-be-done-to-translate-a-message_003f" href="libc_8.html#Translation-with-gettext">8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-How-to-determine-which-catalog-to-be-used" href="libc_8.html#Locating-gettext-catalog">8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Additional-functions-for-more-complicated-situations" href="libc_8.html#Advanced-gettext-functions">8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-How-to-specify-the-output-character-set-gettext-uses" href="libc_8.html#Charset-conversion-in-gettext">8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set <code>gettext</code> uses</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-How-to-use-gettext-in-GUI-programs" href="libc_8.html#GUI-program-problems">8.2.1.5 How to use <code>gettext</code> in GUI programs</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-User-influence-on-gettext" href="libc_8.html#Using-gettextized-software">8.2.1.6 User influence on <code>gettext</code></a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Programs-to-handle-message-catalogs-for-gettext" href="libc_8.html#Helper-programs-for-gettext">8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for <code>gettext</code></a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Searching-and-Sorting-1" href="libc_9.html#Searching-and-Sorting">9. Searching and Sorting</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Defining-the-Comparison-Function" href="libc_9.html#Comparison-Functions">9.1 Defining the Comparison Function</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Array-Search-Function-1" href="libc_9.html#Array-Search-Function">9.2 Array Search Function</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Array-Sort-Function-1" href="libc_9.html#Array-Sort-Function">9.3 Array Sort Function</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Searching-and-Sorting-Example" href="libc_9.html#Search_002fSort-Example">9.4 Searching and Sorting Example</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-hsearch-function_002e" href="libc_9.html#Hash-Search-Function">9.5 The <code>hsearch</code> function.</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-tsearch-function_002e" href="libc_9.html#Tree-Search-Function">9.6 The <code>tsearch</code> function.</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Pattern-Matching-1" href="libc_10.html#Pattern-Matching">10. Pattern Matching</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Wildcard-Matching-1" href="libc_10.html#Wildcard-Matching">10.1 Wildcard Matching</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Globbing-1" href="libc_10.html#Globbing">10.2 Globbing</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Calling-glob" href="libc_10.html#Calling-Glob">10.2.1 Calling <code>glob</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-Globbing-1" href="libc_10.html#Flags-for-Globbing">10.2.2 Flags for Globbing</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-More-Flags-for-Globbing-1" href="libc_10.html#More-Flags-for-Globbing">10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Regular-Expression-Matching" href="libc_10.html#Regular-Expressions">10.3 Regular Expression Matching</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-POSIX-Regular-Expression-Compilation" href="libc_10.html#POSIX-Regexp-Compilation">10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-POSIX-Regular-Expressions" href="libc_10.html#Flags-for-POSIX-Regexps">10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Matching-a-Compiled-POSIX-Regular-Expression" href="libc_10.html#Matching-POSIX-Regexps">10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Match-Results-with-Subexpressions" href="libc_10.html#Regexp-Subexpressions">10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Complications-in-Subexpression-Matching" href="libc_10.html#Subexpression-Complications">10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-POSIX-Regexp-Matching-Cleanup" href="libc_10.html#Regexp-Cleanup">10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Shell_002dStyle-Word-Expansion" href="libc_10.html#Word-Expansion">10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-Stages-of-Word-Expansion" href="libc_10.html#Expansion-Stages">10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Calling-wordexp" href="libc_10.html#Calling-Wordexp">10.4.2 Calling <code>wordexp</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-Word-Expansion" href="libc_10.html#Flags-for-Wordexp">10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-wordexp-Example" href="libc_10.html#Wordexp-Example">10.4.4 <code>wordexp</code> Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Details-of-Tilde-Expansion" href="libc_10.html#Tilde-Expansion">10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Details-of-Variable-Substitution" href="libc_10.html#Variable-Substitution">10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Input_002fOutput-Overview" href="libc_11.html#I_002fO-Overview">11. Input/Output Overview</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Input_002fOutput-Concepts" href="libc_11.html#I_002fO-Concepts">11.1 Input/Output Concepts</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Streams-and-File-Descriptors-1" href="libc_11.html#Streams-and-File-Descriptors">11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Position-1" href="libc_11.html#File-Position">11.1.2 File Position</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Names-1" href="libc_11.html#File-Names">11.2 File Names</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Directories-1" href="libc_11.html#Directories">11.2.1 Directories</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Name-Resolution-1" href="libc_11.html#File-Name-Resolution">11.2.2 File Name Resolution</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Name-Errors-1" href="libc_11.html#File-Name-Errors">11.2.3 File Name Errors</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Portability-of-File-Names" href="libc_11.html#File-Name-Portability">11.2.4 Portability of File Names</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Input_002fOutput-on-Streams" href="libc_12.html#I_002fO-on-Streams">12. Input/Output on Streams</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#Streams">12.1 Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Standard-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#Standard-Streams">12.2 Standard Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Opening-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#Opening-Streams">12.3 Opening Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Closing-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#Closing-Streams">12.4 Closing Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Streams-and-Threads-1" href="libc_12.html#Streams-and-Threads">12.5 Streams and Threads</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Streams-in-Internationalized-Applications" href="libc_12.html#Streams-and-I18N">12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Simple-Output-by-Characters-or-Lines" href="libc_12.html#Simple-Output">12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Character-Input-1" href="libc_12.html#Character-Input">12.8 Character Input</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Line_002dOriented-Input" href="libc_12.html#Line-Input">12.9 Line-Oriented Input</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Unreading-1" href="libc_12.html#Unreading">12.10 Unreading</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-What-Unreading-Means" href="libc_12.html#Unreading-Idea">12.10.1 What Unreading Means</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Using-ungetc-To-Do-Unreading" href="libc_12.html#How-Unread">12.10.2 Using <code>ungetc</code> To Do Unreading</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Block-Input_002fOutput-1" href="libc_12.html#Block-Input_002fOutput">12.11 Block Input/Output</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Output-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Output">12.12 Formatted Output</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Output-Basics-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Output-Basics">12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Output-Conversion-Syntax-1" href="libc_12.html#Output-Conversion-Syntax">12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Table-of-Output-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Table-of-Output-Conversions">12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Integer-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Integer-Conversions">12.12.4 Integer Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Floating_002dPoint-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Floating_002dPoint-Conversions">12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Other-Output-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Other-Output-Conversions">12.12.6 Other Output Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Output-Functions-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Output-Functions">12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Dynamically-Allocating-Formatted-Output" href="libc_12.html#Dynamic-Output">12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Variable-Arguments-Output-Functions" href="libc_12.html#Variable-Arguments-Output">12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-a-Template-String-1" href="libc_12.html#Parsing-a-Template-String">12.12.10 Parsing a Template String</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-Parsing-a-Template-String" href="libc_12.html#Example-of-Parsing">12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Customizing-printf" href="libc_12.html#Customizing-Printf">12.13 Customizing <code>printf</code></a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Registering-New-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Registering-New-Conversions">12.13.1 Registering New Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Conversion-Specifier-Options-1" href="libc_12.html#Conversion-Specifier-Options">12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Defining-the-Output-Handler-1" href="libc_12.html#Defining-the-Output-Handler">12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-printf-Extension-Example" href="libc_12.html#Printf-Extension-Example">12.13.4 <code>printf</code> Extension Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Predefined-printf-Handlers" href="libc_12.html#Predefined-Printf-Handlers">12.13.5 Predefined <code>printf</code> Handlers</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Input-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Input">12.14 Formatted Input</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Input-Basics-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Input-Basics">12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Input-Conversion-Syntax-1" href="libc_12.html#Input-Conversion-Syntax">12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Table-of-Input-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Table-of-Input-Conversions">12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Numeric-Input-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Numeric-Input-Conversions">12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-String-Input-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#String-Input-Conversions">12.14.5 String Input Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Dynamically-Allocating-String-Conversions" href="libc_12.html#Dynamic-String-Input">12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Other-Input-Conversions-1" href="libc_12.html#Other-Input-Conversions">12.14.7 Other Input Conversions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Input-Functions-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Input-Functions">12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Variable-Arguments-Input-Functions" href="libc_12.html#Variable-Arguments-Input">12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-End_002dOf_002dFile-and-Errors" href="libc_12.html#EOF-and-Errors">12.15 End-Of-File and Errors</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Recovering-from-errors" href="libc_12.html#Error-Recovery">12.16 Recovering from errors</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Text-and-Binary-Streams" href="libc_12.html#Binary-Streams">12.17 Text and Binary Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Positioning-1" href="libc_12.html#File-Positioning">12.18 File Positioning</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Portable-File_002dPosition-Functions" href="libc_12.html#Portable-Positioning">12.19 Portable File-Position Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Stream-Buffering-1" href="libc_12.html#Stream-Buffering">12.20 Stream Buffering</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Buffering-Concepts-1" href="libc_12.html#Buffering-Concepts">12.20.1 Buffering Concepts</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flushing-Buffers-1" href="libc_12.html#Flushing-Buffers">12.20.2 Flushing Buffers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Controlling-Which-Kind-of-Buffering" href="libc_12.html#Controlling-Buffering">12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Other-Kinds-of-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams">12.21 Other Kinds of Streams</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-String-Streams-1" href="libc_12.html#String-Streams">12.21.1 String Streams</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Programming-Your-Own-Custom-Streams" href="libc_12.html#Custom-Streams">12.21.2 Programming Your Own Custom Streams</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Custom-Streams-and-Cookies" href="libc_12.html#Streams-and-Cookies">12.21.2.1 Custom Streams and Cookies</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Custom-Stream-Hook-Functions" href="libc_12.html#Hook-Functions">12.21.2.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Formatted-Messages-1" href="libc_12.html#Formatted-Messages">12.22 Formatted Messages</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Printing-Formatted-Messages-1" href="libc_12.html#Printing-Formatted-Messages">12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Adding-Severity-Classes-1" href="libc_12.html#Adding-Severity-Classes">12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-to-use-fmtmsg-and-addseverity" href="libc_12.html#Example">12.22.3 How to use <code>fmtmsg</code> and <code>addseverity</code></a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Low_002dLevel-Input_002fOutput" href="libc_13.html#Low_002dLevel-I_002fO">13. Low-Level Input/Output</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Opening-and-Closing-Files-1" href="libc_13.html#Opening-and-Closing-Files">13.1 Opening and Closing Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Input-and-Output-Primitives" href="libc_13.html#I_002fO-Primitives">13.2 Input and Output Primitives</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Setting-the-File-Position-of-a-Descriptor" href="libc_13.html#File-Position-Primitive">13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Descriptors-and-Streams-1" href="libc_13.html#Descriptors-and-Streams">13.4 Descriptors and Streams</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Dangers-of-Mixing-Streams-and-Descriptors" href="libc_13.html#Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions">13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Linked-Channels-1" href="libc_13.html#Linked-Channels">13.5.1 Linked Channels</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Independent-Channels-1" href="libc_13.html#Independent-Channels">13.5.2 Independent Channels</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Cleaning-Streams-1" href="libc_13.html#Cleaning-Streams">13.5.3 Cleaning Streams</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Fast-Scatter_002dGather-I_002fO" href="libc_13.html#Scatter_002dGather">13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO-1" href="libc_13.html#Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO">13.7 Memory-mapped I/O</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Waiting-for-Input-or-Output" href="libc_13.html#Waiting-for-I_002fO">13.8 Waiting for Input or Output</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Synchronizing-I_002fO-operations" href="libc_13.html#Synchronizing-I_002fO">13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Perform-I_002fO-Operations-in-Parallel" href="libc_13.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO">13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Asynchronous-Read-and-Write-Operations" href="libc_13.html#Asynchronous-Reads_002fWrites">13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Getting-the-Status-of-AIO-Operations" href="libc_13.html#Status-of-AIO-Operations">13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Getting-into-a-Consistent-State" href="libc_13.html#Synchronizing-AIO-Operations">13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Cancellation-of-AIO-Operations" href="libc_13.html#Cancel-AIO-Operations">13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-to-optimize-the-AIO-implementation" href="libc_13.html#Configuration-of-AIO">13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Control-Operations-on-Files" href="libc_13.html#Control-Operations">13.11 Control Operations on Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Duplicating-Descriptors-1" href="libc_13.html#Duplicating-Descriptors">13.12 Duplicating Descriptors</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Descriptor-Flags" href="libc_13.html#Descriptor-Flags">13.13 File Descriptor Flags</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Status-Flags-1" href="libc_13.html#File-Status-Flags">13.14 File Status Flags</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-File-Access-Modes" href="libc_13.html#Access-Modes">13.14.1 File Access Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Open_002dtime-Flags-1" href="libc_13.html#Open_002dtime-Flags">13.14.2 Open-time Flags</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-I_002fO-Operating-Modes" href="libc_13.html#Operating-Modes">13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Getting-and-Setting-File-Status-Flags" href="libc_13.html#Getting-File-Status-Flags">13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Locks-1" href="libc_13.html#File-Locks">13.15 File Locks</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Interrupt_002dDriven-Input" href="libc_13.html#Interrupt-Input">13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Generic-I_002fO-Control-operations" href="libc_13.html#IOCTLs">13.17 Generic I/O Control operations</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-File-System-Interface-1" href="libc_14.html#File-System-Interface">14. File System Interface</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Working-Directory-1" href="libc_14.html#Working-Directory">14.1 Working Directory</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Accessing-Directories-1" href="libc_14.html#Accessing-Directories">14.2 Accessing Directories</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Format-of-a-Directory-Entry" href="libc_14.html#Directory-Entries">14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Opening-a-Directory-Stream" href="libc_14.html#Opening-a-Directory">14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Reading-and-Closing-a-Directory-Stream" href="libc_14.html#Reading_002fClosing-Directory">14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Simple-Program-to-List-a-Directory" href="libc_14.html#Simple-Directory-Lister">14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Random-Access-in-a-Directory-Stream" href="libc_14.html#Random-Access-Directory">14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Scanning-the-Content-of-a-Directory" href="libc_14.html#Scanning-Directory-Content">14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Simple-Program-to-List-a-Directory_002c-Mark-II" href="libc_14.html#Simple-Directory-Lister-Mark-II">14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Working-with-Directory-Trees-1" href="libc_14.html#Working-with-Directory-Trees">14.3 Working with Directory Trees</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Hard-Links-1" href="libc_14.html#Hard-Links">14.4 Hard Links</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Symbolic-Links-1" href="libc_14.html#Symbolic-Links">14.5 Symbolic Links</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Deleting-Files-1" href="libc_14.html#Deleting-Files">14.6 Deleting Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Renaming-Files-1" href="libc_14.html#Renaming-Files">14.7 Renaming Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Creating-Directories-1" href="libc_14.html#Creating-Directories">14.8 Creating Directories</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-File-Attributes-1" href="libc_14.html#File-Attributes">14.9 File Attributes</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-meaning-of-the-File-Attributes" href="libc_14.html#Attribute-Meanings">14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Reading-the-Attributes-of-a-File" href="libc_14.html#Reading-Attributes">14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Testing-the-Type-of-a-File" href="libc_14.html#Testing-File-Type">14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Owner-1" href="libc_14.html#File-Owner">14.9.4 File Owner</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-Mode-Bits-for-Access-Permission" href="libc_14.html#Permission-Bits">14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-Your-Access-to-a-File-is-Decided" href="libc_14.html#Access-Permission">14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Assigning-File-Permissions" href="libc_14.html#Setting-Permissions">14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Testing-Permission-to-Access-a-File" href="libc_14.html#Testing-File-Access">14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Times-1" href="libc_14.html#File-Times">14.9.9 File Times</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-File-Size-1" href="libc_14.html#File-Size">14.9.10 File Size</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Making-Special-Files-1" href="libc_14.html#Making-Special-Files">14.10 Making Special Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Temporary-Files-1" href="libc_14.html#Temporary-Files">14.11 Temporary Files</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Pipes-and-FIFOs-1" href="libc_15.html#Pipes-and-FIFOs">15. Pipes and FIFOs</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Creating-a-Pipe-1" href="libc_15.html#Creating-a-Pipe">15.1 Creating a Pipe</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Pipe-to-a-Subprocess-1" href="libc_15.html#Pipe-to-a-Subprocess">15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-FIFO-Special-Files-1" href="libc_15.html#FIFO-Special-Files">15.3 FIFO Special Files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Atomicity-of-Pipe-I_002fO" href="libc_15.html#Pipe-Atomicity">15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Sockets-1" href="libc_16.html#Sockets">16. Sockets</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Socket-Concepts-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Concepts">16.1 Socket Concepts</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Communication-Styles-1" href="libc_16.html#Communication-Styles">16.2 Communication Styles</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Socket-Addresses-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Addresses">16.3 Socket Addresses</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Address-Formats-1" href="libc_16.html#Address-Formats">16.3.1 Address Formats</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Setting-the-Address-of-a-Socket" href="libc_16.html#Setting-Address">16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Reading-the-Address-of-a-Socket" href="libc_16.html#Reading-Address">16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Interface-Naming-1" href="libc_16.html#Interface-Naming">16.4 Interface Naming</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-Local-Namespace" href="libc_16.html#Local-Namespace">16.5 The Local Namespace</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Local-Namespace-Concepts-1" href="libc_16.html#Local-Namespace-Concepts">16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Details-of-Local-Namespace" href="libc_16.html#Local-Namespace-Details">16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-Local_002dNamespace-Sockets" href="libc_16.html#Local-Socket-Example">16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-Internet-Namespace" href="libc_16.html#Internet-Namespace">16.6 The Internet Namespace</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Internet-Socket-Address-Formats" href="libc_16.html#Internet-Address-Formats">16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Host-Addresses-1" href="libc_16.html#Host-Addresses">16.6.2 Host Addresses</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Internet-Host-Addresses" href="libc_16.html#Abstract-Host-Addresses">16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Host-Address-Data-Type-1" href="libc_16.html#Host-Address-Data-Type">16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Host-Address-Functions-1" href="libc_16.html#Host-Address-Functions">16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Host-Names-1" href="libc_16.html#Host-Names">16.6.2.4 Host Names</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Internet-Ports" href="libc_16.html#Ports">16.6.3 Internet Ports</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-Services-Database" href="libc_16.html#Services-Database">16.6.4 The Services Database</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Byte-Order-Conversion" href="libc_16.html#Byte-Order">16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Protocols-Database-1" href="libc_16.html#Protocols-Database">16.6.6 Protocols Database</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Internet-Socket-Example" href="libc_16.html#Inet-Example">16.6.7 Internet Socket Example</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Other-Namespaces" href="libc_16.html#Misc-Namespaces">16.7 Other Namespaces</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Opening-and-Closing-Sockets" href="libc_16.html#Open_002fClose-Sockets">16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Creating-a-Socket-1" href="libc_16.html#Creating-a-Socket">16.8.1 Creating a Socket</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Closing-a-Socket-1" href="libc_16.html#Closing-a-Socket">16.8.2 Closing a Socket</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Socket-Pairs-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Pairs">16.8.3 Socket Pairs</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Using-Sockets-with-Connections" href="libc_16.html#Connections">16.9 Using Sockets with Connections</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Making-a-Connection" href="libc_16.html#Connecting">16.9.1 Making a Connection</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Listening-for-Connections" href="libc_16.html#Listening">16.9.2 Listening for Connections</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Accepting-Connections-1" href="libc_16.html#Accepting-Connections">16.9.3 Accepting Connections</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Who-is-Connected-to-Me_003f" href="libc_16.html#Who-is-Connected">16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Transferring-Data-1" href="libc_16.html#Transferring-Data">16.9.5 Transferring Data</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Sending-Data-1" href="libc_16.html#Sending-Data">16.9.5.1 Sending Data</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Receiving-Data-1" href="libc_16.html#Receiving-Data">16.9.5.2 Receiving Data</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Socket-Data-Options-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Data-Options">16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Byte-Stream-Socket-Example" href="libc_16.html#Byte-Stream-Example">16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Byte-Stream-Connection-Server-Example" href="libc_16.html#Server-Example">16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Out_002dof_002dBand-Data-1" href="libc_16.html#Out_002dof_002dBand-Data">16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Datagram-Socket-Operations" href="libc_16.html#Datagrams">16.10 Datagram Socket Operations</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Sending-Datagrams-1" href="libc_16.html#Sending-Datagrams">16.10.1 Sending Datagrams</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Receiving-Datagrams-1" href="libc_16.html#Receiving-Datagrams">16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Datagram-Socket-Example" href="libc_16.html#Datagram-Example">16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-Reading-Datagrams" href="libc_16.html#Example-Receiver">16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-inetd-Daemon" href="libc_16.html#Inetd">16.11 The <code>inetd</code> Daemon</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-inetd-Servers" href="libc_16.html#Inetd-Servers">16.11.1 <code>inetd</code> Servers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Configuring-inetd" href="libc_16.html#Configuring-Inetd">16.11.2 Configuring <code>inetd</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Socket-Options-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Options">16.12 Socket Options</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Socket-Option-Functions-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket-Option-Functions">16.12.1 Socket Option Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Socket_002dLevel-Options-1" href="libc_16.html#Socket_002dLevel-Options">16.12.2 Socket-Level Options</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Networks-Database-1" href="libc_16.html#Networks-Database">16.13 Networks Database</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface-1" href="libc_17.html#Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">17. Low-Level Terminal Interface</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Identifying-Terminals" href="libc_17.html#Is-It-a-Terminal">17.1 Identifying Terminals</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-I_002fO-Queues-1" href="libc_17.html#I_002fO-Queues">17.2 I/O Queues</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Two-Styles-of-Input_003a-Canonical-or-Not" href="libc_17.html#Canonical-or-Not">17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Terminal-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#Terminal-Modes">17.4 Terminal Modes</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Terminal-Mode-Data-Types" href="libc_17.html#Mode-Data-Types">17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Terminal-Mode-Functions" href="libc_17.html#Mode-Functions">17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Setting-Terminal-Modes-Properly" href="libc_17.html#Setting-Modes">17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Input-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#Input-Modes">17.4.4 Input Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Output-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#Output-Modes">17.4.5 Output Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Control-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#Control-Modes">17.4.6 Control Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Local-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#Local-Modes">17.4.7 Local Modes</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Line-Speed-1" href="libc_17.html#Line-Speed">17.4.8 Line Speed</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Special-Characters-1" href="libc_17.html#Special-Characters">17.4.9 Special Characters</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Characters-for-Input-Editing" href="libc_17.html#Editing-Characters">17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Characters-that-Cause-Signals" href="libc_17.html#Signal-Characters">17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Special-Characters-for-Flow-Control" href="libc_17.html#Start_002fStop-Characters">17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Other-Special-Characters" href="libc_17.html#Other-Special">17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Noncanonical-Input-1" href="libc_17.html#Noncanonical-Input">17.4.10 Noncanonical Input</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-BSD-Terminal-Modes-1" href="libc_17.html#BSD-Terminal-Modes">17.5 BSD Terminal Modes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Line-Control-Functions" href="libc_17.html#Line-Control">17.6 Line Control Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Noncanonical-Mode-Example" href="libc_17.html#Noncanon-Example">17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Pseudo_002dTerminals-1" href="libc_17.html#Pseudo_002dTerminals">17.8 Pseudo-Terminals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Allocating-Pseudo_002dTerminals" href="libc_17.html#Allocation">17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Opening-a-Pseudo_002dTerminal-Pair" href="libc_17.html#Pseudo_002dTerminal-Pairs">17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Syslog-1" href="libc_18.html#Syslog">18. Syslog</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-Syslog-1" href="libc_18.html#Overview-of-Syslog">18.1 Overview of Syslog</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Submitting-Syslog-Messages-1" href="libc_18.html#Submitting-Syslog-Messages">18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-openlog-1" href="libc_18.html#openlog">18.2.1 openlog</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-syslog_002c-vsyslog" href="libc_18.html#syslog_003b-vsyslog">18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-closelog-1" href="libc_18.html#closelog">18.2.3 closelog</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-setlogmask-1" href="libc_18.html#setlogmask">18.2.4 setlogmask</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Syslog-Example-1" href="libc_18.html#Syslog-Example">18.2.5 Syslog Example</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Mathematics-1" href="libc_19.html#Mathematics">19. Mathematics</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Predefined-Mathematical-Constants" href="libc_19.html#Mathematical-Constants">19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Trigonometric-Functions" href="libc_19.html#Trig-Functions">19.2 Trigonometric Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Inverse-Trigonometric-Functions" href="libc_19.html#Inverse-Trig-Functions">19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Exponentiation-and-Logarithms" href="libc_19.html#Exponents-and-Logarithms">19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Hyperbolic-Functions-1" href="libc_19.html#Hyperbolic-Functions">19.5 Hyperbolic Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Special-Functions-1" href="libc_19.html#Special-Functions">19.6 Special Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Known-Maximum-Errors-in-Math-Functions" href="libc_19.html#Errors-in-Math-Functions">19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers-1" href="libc_19.html#Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers">19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-ISO-C-Random-Number-Functions" href="libc_19.html#ISO-Random">19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-BSD-Random-Number-Functions" href="libc_19.html#BSD-Random">19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-SVID-Random-Number-Function" href="libc_19.html#SVID-Random">19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Is-Fast-Code-or-Small-Code-preferred_003f" href="libc_19.html#FP-Function-Optimizations">19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Arithmetic-Functions-1" href="libc_20.html#Arithmetic">20. Arithmetic Functions</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Integers-1" href="libc_20.html#Integers">20.1 Integers</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Integer-Division-1" href="libc_20.html#Integer-Division">20.2 Integer Division</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Floating-Point-Numbers-1" href="libc_20.html#Floating-Point-Numbers">20.3 Floating Point Numbers</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Floating_002dPoint-Number-Classification-Functions" href="libc_20.html#Floating-Point-Classes">20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Errors-in-Floating_002dPoint-Calculations" href="libc_20.html#Floating-Point-Errors">20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-FP-Exceptions-1" href="libc_20.html#FP-Exceptions">20.5.1 FP Exceptions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Infinity-and-NaN-1" href="libc_20.html#Infinity-and-NaN">20.5.2 Infinity and NaN</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Examining-the-FPU-status-word" href="libc_20.html#Status-bit-operations">20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Error-Reporting-by-Mathematical-Functions" href="libc_20.html#Math-Error-Reporting">20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Rounding-Modes" href="libc_20.html#Rounding">20.6 Rounding Modes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Floating_002dPoint-Control-Functions" href="libc_20.html#Control-Functions">20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Arithmetic-Functions-2" href="libc_20.html#Arithmetic-Functions">20.8 Arithmetic Functions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Absolute-Value-1" href="libc_20.html#Absolute-Value">20.8.1 Absolute Value</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Normalization-Functions-1" href="libc_20.html#Normalization-Functions">20.8.2 Normalization Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Rounding-Functions-1" href="libc_20.html#Rounding-Functions">20.8.3 Rounding Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Remainder-Functions-1" href="libc_20.html#Remainder-Functions">20.8.4 Remainder Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Setting-and-modifying-single-bits-of-FP-values" href="libc_20.html#FP-Bit-Twiddling">20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Floating_002dPoint-Comparison-Functions" href="libc_20.html#FP-Comparison-Functions">20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Miscellaneous-FP-arithmetic-functions" href="libc_20.html#Misc-FP-Arithmetic">20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Complex-Numbers-1" href="libc_20.html#Complex-Numbers">20.9 Complex Numbers</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Projections_002c-Conjugates_002c-and-Decomposing-of-Complex-Numbers" href="libc_20.html#Operations-on-Complex">20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Parsing-of-Numbers-1" href="libc_20.html#Parsing-of-Numbers">20.11 Parsing of Numbers</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-of-Integers-1" href="libc_20.html#Parsing-of-Integers">20.11.1 Parsing of Integers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-of-Floats-1" href="libc_20.html#Parsing-of-Floats">20.11.2 Parsing of Floats</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Old_002dfashioned-System-V-number_002dto_002dstring-functions" href="libc_20.html#System-V-Number-Conversion">20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Date-and-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Date-and-Time">21. Date and Time</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Time-Basics-1" href="libc_21.html#Time-Basics">21.1 Time Basics</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Elapsed-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Elapsed-Time">21.2 Elapsed Time</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Processor-And-CPU-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Processor-And-CPU-Time">21.3 Processor And CPU Time</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-CPU-Time-Inquiry" href="libc_21.html#CPU-Time">21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Processor-Time-Inquiry" href="libc_21.html#Processor-Time">21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Calendar-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Calendar-Time">21.4 Calendar Time</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Simple-Calendar-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Simple-Calendar-Time">21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-High_002dResolution-Calendar-1" href="libc_21.html#High_002dResolution-Calendar">21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Broken_002ddown-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Broken_002ddown-Time">21.4.3 Broken-down Time</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-High-Accuracy-Clock-1" href="libc_21.html#High-Accuracy-Clock">21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Formatting-Calendar-Time-1" href="libc_21.html#Formatting-Calendar-Time">21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Convert-textual-time-and-date-information-back" href="libc_21.html#Parsing-Date-and-Time">21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Interpret-string-according-to-given-format" href="libc_21.html#Low_002dLevel-Time-String-Parsing">21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-A-More-User_002dfriendly-Way-to-Parse-Times-and-Dates" href="libc_21.html#General-Time-String-Parsing">21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Specifying-the-Time-Zone-with-TZ" href="libc_21.html#TZ-Variable">21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with <code>TZ</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Functions-and-Variables-for-Time-Zones" href="libc_21.html#Time-Zone-Functions">21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Time-Functions-Example-1" href="libc_21.html#Time-Functions-Example">21.4.9 Time Functions Example</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Setting-an-Alarm-1" href="libc_21.html#Setting-an-Alarm">21.5 Setting an Alarm</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Sleeping-1" href="libc_21.html#Sleeping">21.6 Sleeping</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Resource-Usage-And-Limitation-1" href="libc_22.html#Resource-Usage-And-Limitation">22. Resource Usage And Limitation</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Resource-Usage-1" href="libc_22.html#Resource-Usage">22.1 Resource Usage</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Limiting-Resource-Usage" href="libc_22.html#Limits-on-Resources">22.2 Limiting Resource Usage</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-CPU-Priority-And-Scheduling" href="libc_22.html#Priority">22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Absolute-Priority-1" href="libc_22.html#Absolute-Priority">22.3.1 Absolute Priority</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Using-Absolute-Priority" href="libc_22.html#Using-Absolute-Priority">22.3.1.1 Using Absolute Priority</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Realtime-Scheduling-1" href="libc_22.html#Realtime-Scheduling">22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Basic-Scheduling-Functions-1" href="libc_22.html#Basic-Scheduling-Functions">22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Traditional-Scheduling-1" href="libc_22.html#Traditional-Scheduling">22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Introduction-To-Traditional-Scheduling" href="libc_22.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Intro">22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Functions-For-Traditional-Scheduling" href="libc_22.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Functions">22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Limiting-execution-to-certain-CPUs" href="libc_22.html#CPU-Affinity">22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Querying-memory-available-resources" href="libc_22.html#Memory-Resources">22.4 Querying memory available resources</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Overview-about-traditional-Unix-memory-handling" href="libc_22.html#Memory-Subsystem">22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-to-get-information-about-the-memory-subsystem_003f" href="libc_22.html#Query-Memory-Parameters">22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Learn-about-the-processors-available" href="libc_22.html#Processor-Resources">22.5 Learn about the processors available</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Non_002dLocal-Exits-1" href="libc_23.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits">23. Non-Local Exits</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Non_002dLocal-Exits" href="libc_23.html#Non_002dLocal-Intro">23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Details-of-Non_002dLocal-Exits" href="libc_23.html#Non_002dLocal-Details">23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals-1" href="libc_23.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals">23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Complete-Context-Control" href="libc_23.html#System-V-contexts">23.4 Complete Context Control</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Signal-Handling-1" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Handling">24. Signal Handling</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Basic-Concepts-of-Signals" href="libc_24.html#Concepts-of-Signals">24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Some-Kinds-of-Signals" href="libc_24.html#Kinds-of-Signals">24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Concepts-of-Signal-Generation" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Generation">24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-Signals-Are-Delivered" href="libc_24.html#Delivery-of-Signal">24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Standard-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Standard-Signals">24.2 Standard Signals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Program-Error-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Program-Error-Signals">24.2.1 Program Error Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Termination-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Termination-Signals">24.2.2 Termination Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Alarm-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Alarm-Signals">24.2.3 Alarm Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Asynchronous-I_002fO-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO-Signals">24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Job-Control-Signals">24.2.5 Job Control Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Operation-Error-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Operation-Error-Signals">24.2.6 Operation Error Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Miscellaneous-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Miscellaneous-Signals">24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signal-Messages-1" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Messages">24.2.8 Signal Messages</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Signal-Actions" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Actions">24.3 Specifying Signal Actions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Basic-Signal-Handling-1" href="libc_24.html#Basic-Signal-Handling">24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Advanced-Signal-Handling-1" href="libc_24.html#Advanced-Signal-Handling">24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Interaction-of-signal-and-sigaction" href="libc_24.html#Signal-and-Sigaction">24.3.3 Interaction of <code>signal</code> and <code>sigaction</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-sigaction-Function-Example" href="libc_24.html#Sigaction-Function-Example">24.3.4 <code>sigaction</code> Function Example</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-sigaction" href="libc_24.html#Flags-for-Sigaction">24.3.5 Flags for <code>sigaction</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Initial-Signal-Actions-1" href="libc_24.html#Initial-Signal-Actions">24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Defining-Signal-Handlers" href="libc_24.html#Defining-Handlers">24.4 Defining Signal Handlers</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Signal-Handlers-that-Return" href="libc_24.html#Handler-Returns">24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Handlers-That-Terminate-the-Process" href="libc_24.html#Termination-in-Handler">24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Nonlocal-Control-Transfer-in-Handlers" href="libc_24.html#Longjmp-in-Handler">24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signals-Arriving-While-a-Handler-Runs" href="libc_24.html#Signals-in-Handler">24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signals-Close-Together-Merge-into-One" href="libc_24.html#Merged-Signals">24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signal-Handling-and-Nonreentrant-Functions" href="libc_24.html#Nonreentrancy">24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Atomic-Data-Access-and-Signal-Handling" href="libc_24.html#Atomic-Data-Access">24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Problems-with-Non_002dAtomic-Access" href="libc_24.html#Non_002datomic-Example">24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Atomic-Types-1" href="libc_24.html#Atomic-Types">24.4.7.2 Atomic Types</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Atomic-Usage-Patterns" href="libc_24.html#Atomic-Usage">24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Primitives-Interrupted-by-Signals" href="libc_24.html#Interrupted-Primitives">24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Generating-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Generating-Signals">24.6 Generating Signals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Signaling-Yourself-1" href="libc_24.html#Signaling-Yourself">24.6.1 Signaling Yourself</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signaling-Another-Process-1" href="libc_24.html#Signaling-Another-Process">24.6.2 Signaling Another Process</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Permission-for-using-kill" href="libc_24.html#Permission-for-kill">24.6.3 Permission for using <code>kill</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Using-kill-for-Communication" href="libc_24.html#Kill-Example">24.6.4 Using <code>kill</code> for Communication</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Blocking-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Blocking-Signals">24.7 Blocking Signals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Why-Blocking-Signals-is-Useful" href="libc_24.html#Why-Block">24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Signal-Sets-1" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Sets">24.7.2 Signal Sets</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Process-Signal-Mask-1" href="libc_24.html#Process-Signal-Mask">24.7.3 Process Signal Mask</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Blocking-to-Test-for-Delivery-of-a-Signal" href="libc_24.html#Testing-for-Delivery">24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Blocking-Signals-for-a-Handler" href="libc_24.html#Blocking-for-Handler">24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Checking-for-Pending-Signals-1" href="libc_24.html#Checking-for-Pending-Signals">24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Remembering-a-Signal-to-Act-On-Later" href="libc_24.html#Remembering-a-Signal">24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Waiting-for-a-Signal-1" href="libc_24.html#Waiting-for-a-Signal">24.8 Waiting for a Signal</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Using-pause" href="libc_24.html#Using-Pause">24.8.1 Using <code>pause</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Problems-with-pause" href="libc_24.html#Pause-Problems">24.8.2 Problems with <code>pause</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Using-sigsuspend" href="libc_24.html#Sigsuspend">24.8.3 Using <code>sigsuspend</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Using-a-Separate-Signal-Stack" href="libc_24.html#Signal-Stack">24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-BSD-Signal-Handling-1" href="libc_24.html#BSD-Signal-Handling">24.10 BSD Signal Handling</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-BSD-Function-to-Establish-a-Handler" href="libc_24.html#BSD-Handler">24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-BSD-Functions-for-Blocking-Signals" href="libc_24.html#Blocking-in-BSD">24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-The-Basic-Program_002fSystem-Interface" href="libc_25.html#Program-Basics">25. The Basic Program/System Interface</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Program-Arguments-1" href="libc_25.html#Program-Arguments">25.1 Program Arguments</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Program-Argument-Syntax-Conventions" href="libc_25.html#Argument-Syntax">25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-Program-Arguments-1" href="libc_25.html#Parsing-Program-Arguments">25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Parsing-program-options-using-getopt" href="libc_25.html#Getopt">25.2 Parsing program options using <code>getopt</code></a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Using-the-getopt-function" href="libc_25.html#Using-Getopt">25.2.1 Using the <code>getopt</code> function</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-Parsing-Arguments-with-getopt" href="libc_25.html#Example-of-Getopt">25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments with <code>getopt</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-Long-Options-with-getopt_005flong" href="libc_25.html#Getopt-Long-Options">25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with <code>getopt_long</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-Parsing-Long-Options-with-getopt_005flong" href="libc_25.html#Getopt-Long-Option-Example">25.2.4 Example of Parsing Long Options with <code>getopt_long</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Parsing-Program-Options-with-Argp" href="libc_25.html#Argp">25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-argp_005fparse-Function" href="libc_25.html#The-argp_005fparse-Function">25.3.1 The <code>argp_parse</code> Function</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Argp-Global-Variables-1" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Global-Variables">25.3.2 Argp Global Variables</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Argp-Parsers" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Parsers">25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Options-in-an-Argp-Parser" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Option-Vectors">25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-Argp-Options" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Option-Flags">25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Argp-Parser-Functions-1" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Parser-Functions">25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Special-Keys-for-Argp-Parser-Functions" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Special-Keys">25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Functions-For-Use-in-Argp-Parsers" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Helper-Functions">25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Argp-Parsing-State-1" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Parsing-State">25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Combining-Multiple-Argp-Parsers" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Children">25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-argp_005fparse" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Flags">25.3.7 Flags for <code>argp_parse</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Customizing-Argp-Help-Output" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Help-Filtering">25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Output</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Special-Keys-for-Argp-Help-Filter-Functions" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Help-Filter-Keys">25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-argp_005fhelp-Function" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Help">25.3.9 The <code>argp_help</code> Function</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Flags-for-the-argp_005fhelp-Function" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Help-Flags">25.3.10 Flags for the <code>argp_help</code> Function</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Argp-Examples-1" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Examples">25.3.11 Argp Examples</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-A-Minimal-Program-Using-Argp" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Example-1">25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-A-Program-Using-Argp-with-Only-Default-Options" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Example-2">25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-A-Program-Using-Argp-with-User-Options" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Example-3">25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Options</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-A-Program-Using-Multiple-Combined-Argp-Parsers" href="libc_25.html#Argp-Example-4">25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Argp-User-Customization-1" href="libc_25.html#Argp-User-Customization">25.3.12 Argp User Customization</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Parsing-of-Suboptions" href="libc_25.html#Suboptions">25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Parsing-of-Suboptions-Example" href="libc_25.html#Suboptions-Example">25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Environment-Variables-1" href="libc_25.html#Environment-Variables">25.4 Environment Variables</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Environment-Access-1" href="libc_25.html#Environment-Access">25.4.1 Environment Access</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Standard-Environment-Variables" href="libc_25.html#Standard-Environment">25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-System-Calls-1" href="libc_25.html#System-Calls">25.5 System Calls</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Program-Termination-1" href="libc_25.html#Program-Termination">25.6 Program Termination</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Normal-Termination-1" href="libc_25.html#Normal-Termination">25.6.1 Normal Termination</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Exit-Status-1" href="libc_25.html#Exit-Status">25.6.2 Exit Status</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Cleanups-on-Exit-1" href="libc_25.html#Cleanups-on-Exit">25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Aborting-a-Program-1" href="libc_25.html#Aborting-a-Program">25.6.4 Aborting a Program</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Termination-Internals-1" href="libc_25.html#Termination-Internals">25.6.5 Termination Internals</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Processes-1" href="libc_26.html#Processes">26. Processes</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Running-a-Command-1" href="libc_26.html#Running-a-Command">26.1 Running a Command</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Creation-Concepts-1" href="libc_26.html#Process-Creation-Concepts">26.2 Process Creation Concepts</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Identification-1" href="libc_26.html#Process-Identification">26.3 Process Identification</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Creating-a-Process-1" href="libc_26.html#Creating-a-Process">26.4 Creating a Process</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Executing-a-File-1" href="libc_26.html#Executing-a-File">26.5 Executing a File</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Completion-1" href="libc_26.html#Process-Completion">26.6 Process Completion</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Completion-Status-1" href="libc_26.html#Process-Completion-Status">26.7 Process Completion Status</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-BSD-Process-Wait-Functions" href="libc_26.html#BSD-Wait-Functions">26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Process-Creation-Example-1" href="libc_26.html#Process-Creation-Example">26.9 Process Creation Example</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-1" href="libc_27.html#Job-Control">27. Job Control</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Concepts-of-Job-Control-1" href="libc_27.html#Concepts-of-Job-Control">27.1 Concepts of Job Control</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-is-Optional-1" href="libc_27.html#Job-Control-is-Optional">27.2 Job Control is Optional</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Controlling-Terminal-of-a-Process" href="libc_27.html#Controlling-Terminal">27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Access-to-the-Controlling-Terminal" href="libc_27.html#Access-to-the-Terminal">27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Orphaned-Process-Groups-1" href="libc_27.html#Orphaned-Process-Groups">27.5 Orphaned Process Groups</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Implementing-a-Job-Control-Shell" href="libc_27.html#Implementing-a-Shell">27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Data-Structures-for-the-Shell" href="libc_27.html#Data-Structures">27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Initializing-the-Shell-1" href="libc_27.html#Initializing-the-Shell">27.6.2 Initializing the Shell</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Launching-Jobs-1" href="libc_27.html#Launching-Jobs">27.6.3 Launching Jobs</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Foreground-and-Background-1" href="libc_27.html#Foreground-and-Background">27.6.4 Foreground and Background</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Stopped-and-Terminated-Jobs-1" href="libc_27.html#Stopped-and-Terminated-Jobs">27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Continuing-Stopped-Jobs-1" href="libc_27.html#Continuing-Stopped-Jobs">27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-Missing-Pieces" href="libc_27.html#Missing-Pieces">27.6.7 The Missing Pieces</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Functions-for-Job-Control-1" href="libc_27.html#Functions-for-Job-Control">27.7 Functions for Job Control</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Identifying-the-Controlling-Terminal" href="libc_27.html#Identifying-the-Terminal">27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Process-Group-Functions-1" href="libc_27.html#Process-Group-Functions">27.7.2 Process Group Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Functions-for-Controlling-Terminal-Access" href="libc_27.html#Terminal-Access-Functions">27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-System-Databases-and-Name-Service-Switch" href="libc_28.html#Name-Service-Switch">28. System Databases and Name Service Switch</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-NSS-Basics-1" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Basics">28.1 NSS Basics</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-NSS-Configuration-File" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Configuration-File">28.2 The NSS Configuration File</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Services-in-the-NSS-configuration-File" href="libc_28.html#Services-in-the-NSS-configuration">28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Actions-in-the-NSS-configuration-1" href="libc_28.html#Actions-in-the-NSS-configuration">28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Notes-on-the-NSS-Configuration-File" href="libc_28.html#Notes-on-NSS-Configuration-File">28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-NSS-Module-Internals-1" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Module-Internals">28.3 NSS Module Internals</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-Naming-Scheme-of-the-NSS-Modules" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Module-Names">28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-The-Interface-of-the-Function-in-NSS-Modules" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Modules-Interface">28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Extending-NSS-1" href="libc_28.html#Extending-NSS">28.4 Extending NSS</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Adding-another-Service-to-NSS-1" href="libc_28.html#Adding-another-Service-to-NSS">28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Internals-of-the-NSS-Module-Functions" href="libc_28.html#NSS-Module-Function-Internals">28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Users-and-Groups-1" href="libc_29.html#Users-and-Groups">29. Users and Groups</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-User-and-Group-IDs-1" href="libc_29.html#User-and-Group-IDs">29.1 User and Group IDs</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-Persona-of-a-Process" href="libc_29.html#Process-Persona">29.2 The Persona of a Process</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Why-Change-the-Persona-of-a-Process_003f" href="libc_29.html#Why-Change-Persona">29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-How-an-Application-Can-Change-Persona" href="libc_29.html#How-Change-Persona">29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Reading-the-Persona-of-a-Process" href="libc_29.html#Reading-Persona">29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Setting-the-User-ID" href="libc_29.html#Setting-User-ID">29.6 Setting the User ID</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Setting-the-Group-IDs" href="libc_29.html#Setting-Groups">29.7 Setting the Group IDs</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Enabling-and-Disabling-Setuid-Access" href="libc_29.html#Enable_002fDisable-Setuid">29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Setuid-Program-Example-1" href="libc_29.html#Setuid-Program-Example">29.9 Setuid Program Example</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Tips-for-Writing-Setuid-Programs" href="libc_29.html#Tips-for-Setuid">29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Identifying-Who-Logged-In" href="libc_29.html#Who-Logged-In">29.11 Identifying Who Logged In</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-The-User-Accounting-Database" href="libc_29.html#User-Accounting-Database">29.12 The User Accounting Database</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Manipulating-the-User-Accounting-Database" href="libc_29.html#Manipulating-the-Database">29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-XPG-User-Accounting-Database-Functions" href="libc_29.html#XPG-Functions">29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Logging-In-and-Out-1" href="libc_29.html#Logging-In-and-Out">29.12.3 Logging In and Out</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-User-Database-1" href="libc_29.html#User-Database">29.13 User Database</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-Data-Structure-that-Describes-a-User" href="libc_29.html#User-Data-Structure">29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Looking-Up-One-User" href="libc_29.html#Lookup-User">29.13.2 Looking Up One User</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Scanning-the-List-of-All-Users" href="libc_29.html#Scanning-All-Users">29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Writing-a-User-Entry-1" href="libc_29.html#Writing-a-User-Entry">29.13.4 Writing a User Entry</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Group-Database-1" href="libc_29.html#Group-Database">29.14 Group Database</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-The-Data-Structure-for-a-Group" href="libc_29.html#Group-Data-Structure">29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Looking-Up-One-Group" href="libc_29.html#Lookup-Group">29.14.2 Looking Up One Group</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Scanning-the-List-of-All-Groups" href="libc_29.html#Scanning-All-Groups">29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-User-and-Group-Database-Example" href="libc_29.html#Database-Example">29.15 User and Group Database Example</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Netgroup-Database-1" href="libc_29.html#Netgroup-Database">29.16 Netgroup Database</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Netgroup-Data-1" href="libc_29.html#Netgroup-Data">29.16.1 Netgroup Data</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Looking-up-one-Netgroup" href="libc_29.html#Lookup-Netgroup">29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Testing-for-Netgroup-Membership" href="libc_29.html#Netgroup-Membership">29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-System-Management-1" href="libc_30.html#System-Management">30. System Management</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Host-Identification-1" href="libc_30.html#Host-Identification">30.1 Host Identification</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Platform-Type-Identification" href="libc_30.html#Platform-Type">30.2 Platform Type Identification</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Controlling-and-Querying-Mounts" href="libc_30.html#Filesystem-Handling">30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Mount-Information-1" href="libc_30.html#Mount-Information">30.3.1 Mount Information</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-The-fstab-file" href="libc_30.html#fstab">30.3.1.1 The &lsquo;<tt>fstab</tt>&rsquo; file</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-The-mtab-file" href="libc_30.html#mtab">30.3.1.2 The &lsquo;<tt>mtab</tt>&rsquo; file</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Other-_0028Non_002dlibc_0029-Sources-of-Mount-Information" href="libc_30.html#Other-Mount-Information">30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Mount_002c-Unmount_002c-Remount" href="libc_30.html#Mount_002dUnmount_002dRemount">30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-System-Parameters-1" href="libc_30.html#System-Parameters">30.4 System Parameters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-System-Configuration-Parameters" href="libc_31.html#System-Configuration">31. System Configuration Parameters</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-General-Capacity-Limits" href="libc_31.html#General-Limits">31.1 General Capacity Limits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Overall-System-Options" href="libc_31.html#System-Options">31.2 Overall System Options</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Which-Version-of-POSIX-is-Supported" href="libc_31.html#Version-Supported">31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Using-sysconf" href="libc_31.html#Sysconf">31.4 Using <code>sysconf</code></a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Definition-of-sysconf" href="libc_31.html#Sysconf-Definition">31.4.1 Definition of <code>sysconf</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Constants-for-sysconf-Parameters" href="libc_31.html#Constants-for-Sysconf">31.4.2 Constants for <code>sysconf</code> Parameters</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Examples-of-sysconf" href="libc_31.html#Examples-of-Sysconf">31.4.3 Examples of <code>sysconf</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Minimum-Values-for-General-Capacity-Limits" href="libc_31.html#Minimums">31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Limits-on-File-System-Capacity" href="libc_31.html#Limits-for-Files">31.6 Limits on File System Capacity</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Optional-Features-in-File-Support" href="libc_31.html#Options-for-Files">31.7 Optional Features in File Support</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Minimum-Values-for-File-System-Limits" href="libc_31.html#File-Minimums">31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Using-pathconf" href="libc_31.html#Pathconf">31.9 Using <code>pathconf</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Utility-Program-Capacity-Limits" href="libc_31.html#Utility-Limits">31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Minimum-Values-for-Utility-Limits" href="libc_31.html#Utility-Minimums">31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-String_002dValued-Parameters" href="libc_31.html#String-Parameters">31.12 String-Valued Parameters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-DES-Encryption-and-Password-Handling" href="libc_32.html#Cryptographic-Functions">32. DES Encryption and Password Handling</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Legal-Problems-1" href="libc_32.html#Legal-Problems">32.1 Legal Problems</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Reading-Passwords" href="libc_32.html#getpass">32.2 Reading Passwords</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Encrypting-Passwords" href="libc_32.html#crypt">32.3 Encrypting Passwords</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-DES-Encryption-1" href="libc_32.html#DES-Encryption">32.4 DES Encryption</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Debugging-support" href="libc_33.html#Debugging-Support">33. Debugging support</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Backtraces-1" href="libc_33.html#Backtraces">33.1 Backtraces</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-C-Language-Facilities-in-the-Library" href="libc_34.html#Language-Features">A. C Language Facilities in the Library</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Explicitly-Checking-Internal-Consistency" href="libc_34.html#Consistency-Checking">A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Variadic-Functions-1" href="libc_34.html#Variadic-Functions">A.2 Variadic Functions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Why-Variadic-Functions-are-Used" href="libc_34.html#Why-Variadic">A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-How-Variadic-Functions-are-Defined-and-Used" href="libc_34.html#How-Variadic">A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Syntax-for-Variable-Arguments" href="libc_34.html#Variadic-Prototypes">A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Receiving-the-Argument-Values" href="libc_34.html#Receiving-Arguments">A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-How-Many-Arguments-Were-Supplied" href="libc_34.html#How-Many-Arguments">A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Calling-Variadic-Functions" href="libc_34.html#Calling-Variadics">A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Argument-Access-Macros" href="libc_34.html#Argument-Macros">A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Example-of-a-Variadic-Function" href="libc_34.html#Variadic-Example">A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Old_002dStyle-Variadic-Functions" href="libc_34.html#Old-Varargs">A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions</a></li>
      </ul>
</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Null-Pointer-Constant-1" href="libc_34.html#Null-Pointer-Constant">A.3 Null Pointer Constant</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Important-Data-Types-1" href="libc_34.html#Important-Data-Types">A.4 Important Data Types</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Data-Type-Measurements-1" href="libc_34.html#Data-Type-Measurements">A.5 Data Type Measurements</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Computing-the-Width-of-an-Integer-Data-Type" href="libc_34.html#Width-of-Type">A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Range-of-an-Integer-Type" href="libc_34.html#Range-of-Type">A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Floating-Type-Macros-1" href="libc_34.html#Floating-Type-Macros">A.5.3 Floating Type Macros</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li><a name="toc-Floating-Point-Representation-Concepts" href="libc_34.html#Floating-Point-Concepts">A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-Floating-Point-Parameters-1" href="libc_34.html#Floating-Point-Parameters">A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters</a></li>
        <li><a name="toc-IEEE-Floating-Point-1" href="libc_34.html#IEEE-Floating-Point">A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point</a></li>
      </ul></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Structure-Field-Offset-Measurement" href="libc_34.html#Structure-Measurement">A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Summary-of-Library-Facilities" href="libc_35.html#Library-Summary">B. Summary of Library Facilities</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Installing-the-GNU-C-Library" href="libc_36.html#Installation">C. Installing the GNU C Library</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Configuring-and-compiling-GNU-Libc" href="libc_36.html#Configuring-and-compiling">C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Installing-the-C-Library" href="libc_36.html#Running-make-install">C.2 Installing the C Library</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Recommended-Tools-for-Compilation" href="libc_36.html#Tools-for-Compilation">C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Specific-advice-for-GNU_002fLinux-systems" href="libc_36.html#Linux">C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Reporting-Bugs-1" href="libc_36.html#Reporting-Bugs">C.5 Reporting Bugs</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Library-Maintenance" href="libc_37.html#Maintenance">D. Library Maintenance</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li><a name="toc-Adding-New-Functions" href="libc_37.html#Source-Layout">D.1 Adding New Functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Porting-the-GNU-C-Library" href="libc_37.html#Porting">D.2 Porting the GNU C Library</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-Layout-of-the-sysdeps-Directory-Hierarchy" href="libc_37.html#Hierarchy-Conventions">D.2.1 Layout of the &lsquo;<tt>sysdeps</tt>&rsquo; Directory Hierarchy</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Porting-the-GNU-C-Library-to-Unix-Systems" href="libc_37.html#Porting-to-Unix">D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Contributors-to-the-GNU-C-Library" href="libc_38.html#Contributors">E. Contributors to the GNU C Library</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Free-Software-Needs-Free-Documentation" href="libc_39.html#Free-Manuals">F. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-GNU-Lesser-General-Public-License" href="libc_40.html#Copying">G. GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="libc_41.html#Documentation-License">H. GNU Free Documentation License</a>
  <ul class="toc">

    <ul class="toc">
      <li><a name="toc-ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents" href="libc_41.html#ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents">H.0.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></li>
    </ul>
</li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="libc_42.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Type-Index-1" href="libc_50.html#Type-Index">Type Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Function-and-Macro-Index" href="libc_52.html#Function-Index">Function and Macro Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Variable-and-Constant-Macro-Index" href="libc_61.html#Variable-Index">Variable and Constant Macro Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Program-and-File-Index" href="libc_70.html#File-Index">Program and File Index</a></li>
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