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<div class="section" id="the-writing-and-reporting-of-assertions-in-tests">
<h1>The writing and reporting of assertions in tests<a class="headerlink" href="#the-writing-and-reporting-of-assertions-in-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="asserting-with-the-assert-statement">
<span id="assert"></span><span id="assert-with-the-assert-statement"></span><span id="assertfeedback"></span><h2>Asserting with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></tt> statement<a class="headerlink" href="#asserting-with-the-assert-statement" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> allows you to use the standard python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></tt> for verifying
expectations and values in Python tests. For example, you can write the
following:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># content of test_assert1.py</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>to assert that your function returns a certain value. If this assertion fails
you will see the return value of the function call:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ py.test test_assert1.py
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.4.0 -- py-1.4.25 -- pytest-2.6.3
collected 1 items
test_assert1.py F
================================= FAILURES =================================
______________________________ test_function _______________________________
def test_function():
> assert f() == 4
E assert 3 == 4
E + where 3 = f()
test_assert1.py:5: AssertionError
========================= 1 failed in 0.01 seconds =========================
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> has support for showing the values of the most common subexpressions
including calls, attributes, comparisons, and binary and unary
operators. (See <a class="reference internal" href="example/reportingdemo.html#tbreportdemo"><em>Demo of Python failure reports with pytest</em></a>). This allows you to use the
idiomatic python constructs without boilerplate code while not losing
introspection information.</p>
<p>However, if you specify a message with the assertion like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"value was odd, should be even"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>then no assertion introspection takes places at all and the message
will be simply shown in the traceback.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#assert-details"><em>Advanced assertion introspection</em></a> for more information on assertion introspection.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="assertions-about-expected-exceptions">
<span id="assertraises"></span><h2>Assertions about expected exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assertions-about-expected-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In order to write assertions about raised exceptions, you can use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest.raises</span></tt> as a context manager like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pytest</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_zero_division</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">pytest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and if you need to have access to the actual exception info you may use:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_recursion_depth</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">pytest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">RuntimeError</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">excinfo</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'maximum recursion'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">excinfo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">excinfo</span></tt> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://pylib.readthedocs.org/en/latest/code.html#py-code-exceptioninfo">py.code.ExceptionInfo</a> instance, which is a wrapper around
the actual exception raised. The main attributes of interest are
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.type</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.value</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.traceback</span></tt>.</p>
<p>If you want to write test code that works on Python 2.4 as well,
you may also use two other ways to test for an expected exception:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">pytest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExpectedException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pytest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExpectedException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"func(*args, **kwargs)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>both of which execute the specified function with args and kwargs and
asserts that the given <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ExpectedException</span></tt> is raised. The reporter will
provide you with helpful output in case of failures such as <em>no
exception</em> or <em>wrong exception</em>.</p>
<p>Note that it is also possible to specify a “raises” argument to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest.mark.xfail</span></tt>, which checks that the test is failing in a more
specific way than just having any exception raised:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@pytest.mark.xfail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_f</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest.raises</span></tt> is likely to be better for cases where you are testing
exceptions your own code is deliberately raising, whereas using
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">@pytest.mark.xfail</span></tt> with a check function is probably better for something
like documenting unfixed bugs (where the test describes what “should” happen)
or bugs in dependencies.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="making-use-of-context-sensitive-comparisons">
<span id="newreport"></span><h2>Making use of context-sensitive comparisons<a class="headerlink" href="#making-use-of-context-sensitive-comparisons" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> has rich support for providing context-sensitive information
when it encounters comparisons. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># content of test_assert2.py</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_set_comparison</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">set1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"1308"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">set2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"8035"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">set1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">set2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>if you run this module:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ py.test test_assert2.py
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.4.0 -- py-1.4.25 -- pytest-2.6.3
collected 1 items
test_assert2.py F
================================= FAILURES =================================
___________________________ test_set_comparison ____________________________
def test_set_comparison():
set1 = set("1308")
set2 = set("8035")
> assert set1 == set2
E assert set(['0', '1', '3', '8']) == set(['0', '3', '5', '8'])
E Extra items in the left set:
E '1'
E Extra items in the right set:
E '5'
test_assert2.py:5: AssertionError
========================= 1 failed in 0.01 seconds =========================
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Special comparisons are done for a number of cases:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>comparing long strings: a context diff is shown</li>
<li>comparing long sequences: first failing indices</li>
<li>comparing dicts: different entries</li>
</ul>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="example/reportingdemo.html#tbreportdemo"><em>reporting demo</em></a> for many more examples.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="defining-your-own-assertion-comparison">
<h2>Defining your own assertion comparison<a class="headerlink" href="#defining-your-own-assertion-comparison" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>It is possible to add your own detailed explanations by implementing
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest_assertrepr_compare</span></tt> hook.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_pytest.hookspec.pytest_assertrepr_compare">
<tt class="descname">pytest_assertrepr_compare</tt><big>(</big><em>config</em>, <em>op</em>, <em>left</em>, <em>right</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/_pytest/hookspec.html#pytest_assertrepr_compare"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#_pytest.hookspec.pytest_assertrepr_compare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>return explanation for comparisons in failing assert expressions.</p>
<p>Return None for no custom explanation, otherwise return a list
of strings. The strings will be joined by newlines but any newlines
<em>in</em> a string will be escaped. Note that all but the first line will
be indented sligthly, the intention is for the first line to be a summary.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>As an example consider adding the following hook in a conftest.py which
provides an alternative explanation for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Foo</span></tt> objects:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># content of conftest.py</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">test_foocompare</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Foo</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">pytest_assertrepr_compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">op</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"=="</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'Comparing Foo instances:'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">' vals: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> != </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>now, given this test module:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># content of test_foocompare.py</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_compare</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">f2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">f2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>you can run the test module and get the custom output defined in
the conftest file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ py.test -q test_foocompare.py
F
================================= FAILURES =================================
_______________________________ test_compare _______________________________
def test_compare():
f1 = Foo(1)
f2 = Foo(2)
> assert f1 == f2
E assert Comparing Foo instances:
E vals: 1 != 2
test_foocompare.py:8: AssertionError
1 failed in 0.01 seconds
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="advanced-assertion-introspection">
<span id="assert-introspection"></span><span id="assert-details"></span><h2>Advanced assertion introspection<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-assertion-introspection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.1.</span></p>
</div>
<p>Reporting details about a failing assertion is achieved either by rewriting
assert statements before they are run or re-evaluating the assert expression and
recording the intermediate values. Which technique is used depends on the
location of the assert, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> configuration, and Python version being used
to run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt>. Note that for assert statements with a manually provided
message, i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span> <span class="pre">expr,</span> <span class="pre">message</span></tt>, no assertion introspection takes place
and the manually provided message will be rendered in tracebacks.</p>
<p>By default, if the Python version is greater than or equal to 2.6, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt>
rewrites assert statements in test modules. Rewritten assert statements put
introspection information into the assertion failure message. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> only
rewrites test modules directly discovered by its test collection process, so
asserts in supporting modules which are not themselves test modules will not be
rewritten.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> rewrites test modules on import. It does this by using an import
hook to write a new pyc files. Most of the time this works transparently.
However, if you are messing with import yourself, the import hook may
interfere. If this is the case, simply use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--assert=reinterp</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--assert=plain</span></tt>. Additionally, rewriting will fail silently if it cannot
write new pycs, i.e. in a read-only filesystem or a zipfile.</p>
</div>
<p>If an assert statement has not been rewritten or the Python version is less than
2.6, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> falls back on assert reinterpretation. In assert
reinterpretation, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> walks the frame of the function containing the
assert statement to discover sub-expression results of the failing assert
statement. You can force <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pytest</span></tt> to always use assertion reinterpretation by
passing the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--assert=reinterp</span></tt> option.</p>
<p>Assert reinterpretation has a caveat not present with assert rewriting: If
evaluating the assert expression has side effects you may get a warning that the
intermediate values could not be determined safely. A common example of this
issue is an assertion which reads from a file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">'...'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If this assertion fails then the re-evaluation will probably succeed!
This is because <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f.read()</span></tt> will return an empty string when it is
called the second time during the re-evaluation. However, it is
easy to rewrite the assertion and avoid any trouble:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">content</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">'...'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All assert introspection can be turned off by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--assert=plain</span></tt>.</p>
<p>For further information, Benjamin Peterson wrote up <a class="reference external" href="http://pybites.blogspot.com/2011/07/behind-scenes-of-pytests-new-assertion.html">Behind the scenes of pytest’s new assertion rewriting</a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.1: </span>Add assert rewriting as an alternate introspection technique.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.1: </span>Introduce the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--assert</span></tt> option. Deprecate <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--no-assert</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--nomagic</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The writing and reporting of assertions in tests</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asserting-with-the-assert-statement">Asserting with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assertions-about-expected-exceptions">Assertions about expected exceptions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-use-of-context-sensitive-comparisons">Making use of context-sensitive comparisons</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-your-own-assertion-comparison">Defining your own assertion comparison</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-assertion-introspection">Advanced assertion introspection</a></li>
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