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<h1 class="title"><a name="AEN2" id="AEN2">Machine-readable
<tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt> file</a></h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">Version 1.0</h2><span class=
"releaseinfo">Debian Policy 3.9.3.1, 2012-03-13<br></span>
<div class="legalnotice">
<a name="AEN7" id="AEN7"></a>
<p>Copying and distribution of this file, with or without
modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty
provided this notice is preserved.</p>
</div>
<div>
<div class="abstract">
<a name="AEN9" id="AEN9"></a>
<p>Establishes a standard, machine-readable format for
<tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt> files within
Debian packages to facilitate automated checking and
reporting of licenses for packages and sets of packages.
This specification was originally drafted as <a href=
"http://dep.debian.net/deps/dep5/" target=
"_top">DEP-5</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="TOC">
<dl>
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#file-syntax">File syntax</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#paragraphs">Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#fields">Fields</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#license-specification">License
specification</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 class="section"><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>This document describes a standard, machine-interpretable
format for the <tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt>
file. This file is one of the most important files in Debian
packaging, but, prior to this specification, no standard
format was defined for it and its contents varied
tremendously across packages. This made it difficult to
automatically extract licensing information.</p>
<p>Use of this specification is optional.</p>
<p>Nothing in this proposal supersedes or modifies any of the
requirements specified in Debian Policy regarding the
appropriate detail or granularity to use when documenting
copyright and license status in <tt class=
"filename">debian/copyright</tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="rationale" id=
"rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
<p>The diversity of free software licenses means that Debian
needs to care not only about the freeness of a given work,
but also its license's compatibility with the other parts of
Debian it uses.</p>
<p>The arrival of the GPL version 3, its incompatibility with
version 2, and our inability to spot the software where the
incompatibility might be problematic is one prominent
occurrence of this limitation.</p>
<p>There are earlier precedents, also. One is the GPL/OpenSSL
incompatibility. Apart from grepping <tt class=
"filename">debian/copyright</tt>, which is prone to numerous
false positives (packaging under the GPL but software under
another license) or negatives (GPL software but with an
<span class="QUOTE">"OpenSSL special exception"</span> dual
licensing form), there is no reliable way to know which
software in Debian might be problematic.</p>
<p>And there is more to come. There are issues with shipping
GPLv2-only software with a CDDL operating system such as
Nexenta. The GPL version 3 solves this issue, but not all GPL
software can switch to it and we have no way to know how much
of Debian should be stripped from such a system.</p>
<p>Even where licenses are DFSG-free and mutually compatible,
users may wish for a way to identify software under certain
licenses (if, for example, they have special reasons to avoid
certain licenses).</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="acknowledgements" id=
"acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h2>
<p>Many people have worked on this specification over the
years. The following alphabetical list is incomplete; please
suggest missing people: Russ Allbery, Ben Finney, Sam
Hocevar, Steve Langasek, Charles Plessy, Noah Slater, Jonas
Smedegaard, Lars Wirzenius.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="file-syntax" id=
"file-syntax">File syntax</a></h2>
<p>The <tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt> file must
be machine-interpretable, yet human-readable, while
communicating all mandated upstream information, copyright
notices and licensing details.</p>
<p>The syntax of the file is the same as for other Debian
control files, as specified in the Debian Policy Manual. See
its <a href=
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields#s-controlsyntax"
target="_top">section 5.1</a> for details. Extra fields can
be added to any paragraph. No prefixing is necessary or
desired, but please avoid names similar to standard ones so
that mistakes are easier to catch. Future versions of the
<tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt> specification will
attempt to avoid conflicting specifications for widely used
extra fields.</p>
<p>The file consists of two or more paragraphs. At minimum,
the file must include one <a href="#header-paragraph">header
paragraph</a> and one <a href="#files-paragraph">Files
paragraph</a>.</p>
<p>There are four types of fields. The definition for each
field in this document indicates which type of value it
takes.</p>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="single-line" id=
"single-line">Single-line values</a></h3>
<p>The entire value of a single-line field must be on a
single line. For example, the <code class=
"varname">Format</code> field has a single-line value
specifying the version of the machine-readable format that
is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="white-space-lists" id=
"white-space-lists">Whitespace-separated lists</a></h3>
<p>Field values defined as whitespace-separated lists may
be on one line or many. Values in the list are separated by
one or more whitespace characters (space, tab, or newline).
For example, the <code class="varname">Files</code> field
contains a whitespace-separated list of filename
patterns.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="line-based-lists" id=
"line-based-lists">Line-based lists</a></h3>
<p>Line-based lists have one value per line. For example,
the <code class="varname">Upstream-Contact</code> field
contains a line-based list of contact addresses.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="formatted-text" id=
"formatted-text">Formatted text</a></h3>
<p>Formatted text fields use the same rules as the long
description in a package's <code class=
"varname">Description</code> field in Debian control files.
In some but not all cases, the first line may have special
meaning as a synopsis, similar to how the <code class=
"varname">Description</code> field uses the first line for
the short description. See Debian Policy's section 5.6.13,
<a href=
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields#s-f-Description"
target="_top"><span class="QUOTE">"Description"</span></a>,
for details. For example, <code class=
"varname">Disclaimer</code> is a formatted text field that
has no special first line, and <code class=
"varname">License</code> is a formatted text field where
the first line indicates the short name or names of the
licenses.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="paragraphs" id=
"paragraphs">Paragraphs</a></h2>
<p>There are three kinds of paragraphs. The first paragraph
in the file is called the <a href="#header-paragraph">header
paragraph</a>. Every other paragraph is either a <a href=
"#files-paragraph">Files paragraph</a> or a <a href=
"#stand-alone-license-paragraph">stand-alone License
paragraph</a>. This is similar to source and binary package
paragraphs in <tt class="filename">debian/control</tt>
files.</p>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="header-paragraph" id=
"header-paragraph">Header paragraph (once)</a></h3>
<p>The following fields may be present in a header
paragraph.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#format-field">Format</a>: required.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#upstream-name-field">Upstream-Name</a>:
optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href=
"#upstream-contact-field">Upstream-Contact</a>:
optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#source-field">Source</a>: optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#disclaimer-field">Disclaimer</a>:
optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#comment-field">Comment</a>: optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#license-field">License</a>: optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#copyright-field">Copyright</a>:
optional.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code class="varname">Copyright</code> and
<code class="varname">License</code> fields in the
<span class="emphasis"><i class="emphasis">header
paragraph</i></span> may complement but do not replace the
<span class="emphasis"><i class="emphasis">Files
paragraphs</i></span>. If present, they summarise the
copyright notices or redistribution terms for the package
as a whole. For example, when a work combines a permissive
and a copyleft license, <code class=
"varname">License</code> can be used to clarify the license
terms for the combination. <code class=
"varname">Copyright</code> and <code class=
"varname">License</code> together can also be used to
document a <span class="emphasis"><i class=
"emphasis">compilation copyright</i></span> and license. It
is possible to use only <code class=
"varname">License</code> in the header paragraph, but
<code class="varname">Copyright</code> alone makes no
sense.</p>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h4 class="section"><a name="example-header-paragraph"
id="example-header-paragraph">Example header
paragraph</a></h4>
<pre class="programlisting">
Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
Upstream-Name: SOFTware
Upstream-Contact: John Doe <john.doe@example.com>
Source: http://www.example.com/software/project
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="files-paragraph" id=
"files-paragraph">Files paragraph (repeatable)</a></h3>
<p>The declaration of copyright and license for files may
consist of one or more paragraphs. In the simplest case, a
single paragraph with <tt class="literal">Files: *</tt> can
be used to state the license and copyright for the whole
package. Only the license and copyright information
required by the Debian archive is required to be listed
here.</p>
<p>The following fields may be present in a Files
paragraph.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#files-field">Files</a>: required.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#copyright-field">Copyright</a>:
required.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#license-field">License</a>: required.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#comment-field">Comment</a>: optional.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h4 class="section"><a name="example-files-paragraph" id=
"example-files-paragraph">Example files
paragraphs</a></h4>
<pre class="programlisting">
Files: *
Copyright: 1975-2010 Ulla Upstream
License: GPL-2+
Files: debian/*
Copyright: 2010 Daniela Debianizer
License: GPL-2+
Files: debian/patches/fancy-feature
Copyright: 2010 Daniela Debianizer
License: GPL-3+
Files: */*.1
Copyright: 2010 Manuela Manpager
License: GPL-2+
</pre>
<p>In this example, all files are copyright by the
upstream and licensed under the GPL, version 2 or later,
with three exceptions. All the Debian packaging files are
copyright by the packager, and further one specific file
providing a new feature is licensed differently. Finally,
there are some manual pages added to the package, written
by a third person.</p>
<p>Since the license of the manual pages is the same as
the other files in the package, the last paragraph above
could instead be combined with the first paragraph,
listing both copyright statements in one <code class=
"varname">Copyright</code> field. Whether to combine
paragraphs with the same license is left to the
discretion of the author of the <tt class=
"filename">debian/copyright</tt> file.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="stand-alone-license-paragraph"
id="stand-alone-license-paragraph">Stand-alone License
Paragraph (optional, repeatable)</a></h3>
<p>Stand-alone <code class="varname">License</code>
paragraphs can be used to provide the full license text for
a given license once, instead of repeating it in each
<code class="varname">Files</code> paragraph that refers to
it. The first line of the <code class=
"varname">License</code> field must be a single license
short name or a short name followed by a license
exception.</p>
<p>The following fields may be present in a stand-alone
License paragraph.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#license-field">License</a>: required.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#comment-field">Comment</a>: optional.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="example">
<a name="AEN152" id="AEN152"></a>
<p><b>Example 1. tri-licensed files</b></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Files: src/js/editline/*
Copyright: 1993, John Doe
1993, Joe Average
License: MPL-1.1 or GPL-2 or LGPL-2.1
License: MPL-1.1
[LICENSE TEXT]
License: GPL-2
[LICENSE TEXT]
License: LGPL-2.1
[LICENSE TEXT]
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<a name="AEN155" id="AEN155"></a>
<p><b>Example 2. recurrent license</b></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Files: src/js/editline/*
Copyright: 1993, John Doe
1993, Joe Average
License: MPL-1.1
Files: src/js/fdlibm/*
Copyright: 1993, J-Random Corporation
License: MPL-1.1
License: MPL-1.1
[LICENSE TEXT]
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="fields" id=
"fields">Fields</a></h2>
<p>The following fields are defined for use in <tt class=
"filename">debian/copyright</tt>.</p>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="format-field" id=
"format-field"><code class="varname">Format</code></a></h3>
<p>Single-line: URI of the format specification. The field
that should be used for the current version of this
document is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="upstream-name-field" id=
"upstream-name-field"><code class=
"varname">Upstream-Name</code></a></h3>
<p>Single-line: the name upstream uses for the software</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="upstream-contact-field" id=
"upstream-contact-field"><code class=
"varname">Upstream-Contact</code></a></h3>
<p>Line-based list: the preferred address(es) to reach the
upstream project. May be free-form text, but by convention
will usually be written as a list of RFC5322 addresses or
URIs.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="source-field" id=
"source-field"><code class="varname">Source</code></a></h3>
<p>Formatted text, no synopsis: an explanation of where the
upstream source came from. Typically this would be a URL,
but it might be a free-form explanation. The Debian Policy
section <a href=
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-docs#s-copyrightfile"
target="_top">12.5</a> requires this information unless
there are no upstream sources, which is mainly the case for
native Debian packages. If the upstream source has been
modified to remove non-free parts, that should be explained
in this field.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="disclaimer-field" id=
"disclaimer-field"><code class=
"varname">Disclaimer</code></a></h3>
<p>Formatted text, no synopsis: this field is used for
non-free or contrib packages to state that they are not
part of Debian and to explain why (see Debian Policy
section <a href=
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-docs#s-copyrightfile"
target="_top">12.5</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="comment-field" id=
"comment-field"><code class=
"varname">Comment</code></a></h3>
<p>Formatted text, no synopsis: this field can provide
additional information. For example, it might quote an
e-mail from upstream justifying why the license is
acceptable to the main archive, or an explanation of how
this version of the package has been forked from a version
known to be DFSG-free, even though the current upstream
version is not.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="license-field" id=
"license-field"><code class=
"varname">License</code></a></h3>
<p>Formatted text, with synopsis. In the header paragraph,
this field gives the license information for the package as
a whole, which may be different or simplified from a
combination of all the per-file license information. In a
Files paragraph, this field gives the licensing terms for
the files listed in the <code class="varname">Files</code>
field for this paragraph. In a stand-alone License
paragraph, it gives the licensing terms for those
paragraphs which reference it.</p>
<p>First line: an abbreviated name for the license, or
expression giving alternatives (see the <a href=
"#license-short-name">Short name</a> section for a list of
standard abbreviations). If there are licenses present in
the package without a standard short name, an arbitrary
short name may be assigned for these licenses. These
arbitrary names are only guaranteed to be unique within a
single copyright file.</p>
<p>If there are no remaining lines, then all of the short
names or short names followed by license exceptions making
up the first line must be described in <a href=
"#stand-alone-license-paragraph">stand-alone License
paragraphs</a>. Otherwise, this field should either include
the full text of the license(s) or include a pointer to the
license file under <tt class=
"filename">/usr/share/common-licenses</tt>. This field
should include all text needed in order to fulfill both
Debian Policy's requirement for including a copy of the
software's distribution license (<a href=
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-docs#s-copyrightfile"
target="_top">12.5</a>), and any license requirements to
include warranty disclaimers or other notices with the
binary package.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="copyright-field" id=
"copyright-field"><code class=
"varname">Copyright</code></a></h3>
<p>Formatted text, no synopsis: one or more free-form
copyright statements. Any formatting is permitted; see the
examples below for some ideas for how to structure the
field to make it easier to read. In the header paragraph,
this field gives the copyright information for the package
as a whole, which may be different or simplified from a
combination of all the per-file copyright information. In
the Files paragraphs, it gives the copyright information
that applies to the files matched by the <code class=
"varname">Files</code> pattern. If a work has no copyright
holder (i.e., it is in the public domain), that information
should be recorded here.</p>
<p>The <code class="varname">Copyright</code> field
collects all relevant copyright notices for the files of
this paragraph. Not all copyright notices may apply to
every individual file, and years of publication for one
copyright holder may be gathered together. For example, if
file A has:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Copyright 2008 John Smith
Copyright 2009 Angela Watts
</pre>and file B has:
<pre class="programlisting">
Copyright 2010 Angela Watts
</pre>a single paragraph may still be used for both files. The
<code class="varname">Copyright</code> field for that paragraph
would contain:
<pre class="programlisting">
Copyright 2008 John Smith
Copyright 2009, 2010 Angela Watts
</pre>
<p>The <code class="varname">Copyright</code> field may
contain the original copyright statement copied exactly
(including the word <span class=
"QUOTE">"Copyright"</span>), or it may shorten the text or
merge it with other copyright statements as described
above, as long as it does not sacrifice information.
Examples in this specification use both forms.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="files-field" id=
"files-field"><code class="varname">Files</code></a></h3>
<p>Whitespace-separated list: list of patterns indicating
files covered by the license and copyright specified in
this paragraph.</p>
<p>Filename patterns in the <code class=
"varname">Files</code> field are specified using a
simplified shell glob syntax. Patterns are separated by
whitespace.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Only the wildcards <tt class="literal">*</tt> and
<tt class="literal">?</tt> apply; the former matches
any number of characters (including none), the latter a
single character. Both match slashs (<tt class=
"literal">/</tt>) and leading dots, unlike shell globs.
The pattern <tt class="literal">*.in</tt> therefore
matches any file whose name ends in <tt class=
"literal">.in</tt> anywhere in the source tree, not
just at the top level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Patterns match pathnames that start at the root of
the source tree. Thus, <span class="QUOTE">"<tt class=
"filename">Makefile.in</tt>"</span> matches only the
file at the root of the tree, but <span class=
"QUOTE">"<tt class=
"filename">*/Makefile.in</tt>"</span> matches at any
depth.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The backslash (<tt class="literal">\</tt>) is used
to remove the magic from the next character; see table
below.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="informaltable">
<a name="AEN237" id="AEN237"></a>
<table border="1" class="CALSTABLE">
<col>
<col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Escape sequence</th>
<th>Matches</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><tt class="literal">\*</tt></td>
<td>star (asterisk)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><tt class="literal">\?</tt></td>
<td>question mark</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><tt class="literal">\\</tt></td>
<td>backslash</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>Any other character following a backslash is an
error.
<p>This is the same pattern syntax as <span class=
"citerefentry"><span class=
"refentrytitle">fnmatch</span>(3)</span> without the
<code class="constant">FNM_PATHNAME</code> flag, or the
argument to the <tt class="literal">-path</tt> test of the
GNU <b class="command">find</b> command, except that
<tt class="literal">[]</tt> wildcards are not
recognized.</p>
<p>Multiple <code class="varname">Files</code> paragraphs
are allowed. The last paragraph that matches a particular
file applies to it. More general paragraphs should
therefore be given first, followed by more specific
overrides.</p>
<p>Exclusions are only supported by adding <code class=
"varname">Files</code> paragraphs to override the previous
match.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="license-specification" id=
"license-specification">License specification</a></h2>
<div class="section">
<h3 class="section"><a name="license-short-name" id=
"license-short-name">Short name</a></h3>
<p>Much of the value of a machine-parseable copyright file
lies in being able to correlate the licenses of multiple
pieces of software. To that end, this spec defines standard
short names for a number of commonly used licenses, which
can be used in the first line of a <code class=
"varname">License</code> field.</p>
<p>These short names have the specified meanings across all
uses of this file format, and <span class=
"emphasis"><i class="emphasis">must not</i></span> be used
to refer to any other licenses. Parsers may thus rely on
these short names referring to the same licenses wherever
they occur, without needing to parse or compare the full
license text.</p>
<p>From time to time, licenses may be added to or removed
from the list of standard short names. Such changes in the
list of short names will always be accompanied by changes
to the version of this standard and to the recommended
<code class="varname">Format</code> value. Implementers who
are parsing copyright files should take care not to assume
anything about the meaning of license short names for
unknown <code class="varname">Format</code> versions.</p>
<p>Use of a standard short name does not override the
Debian Policy requirement to include the full license text
in <tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt>, nor any
requirements in the license of the work regarding
reproduction of legal notices. This information must still
be included in the <code class="varname">License</code>
field, either in a stand-alone License paragraph or in the
relevant files paragraph.</p>
<p>For licenses that have multiple versions in use, the
short name is formed from the general short name of the
license family, followed by a dash and the version number.
If the version number is omitted, the lowest version number
is implied. When the license grant permits using the terms
of any later version of that license, add a plus sign to
the end of the short name. For example, the short name
<tt class="literal">GPL</tt> refers to the GPL version 1
and is equivalent to <tt class="literal">GPL-1</tt>,
although the latter is clearer and therefore preferred. If
the package may be distributed under the GPL version 1 or
any later version, use a short name of <tt class=
"literal">GPL-1+</tt>.</p>
<p>For <a href="#spdx">SPDX</a> compatibility, versions
with trailing <span class="emphasis"><i class=
"emphasis">dot-zeroes</i></span> are considered to be
equivalent to versions without (e.g., <span class=
"QUOTE">"2.0.0"</span> is considered equal to <span class=
"QUOTE">"2.0"</span> and <span class=
"QUOTE">"2"</span>).</p>
<p>Currently, the full text of the licenses is only
available in the <a href="http://spdx.org/licenses" target=
"_top">SPDX Open Source License Registry</a>.</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<a name="AEN294" id="AEN294"></a>
<table border="1" class="CALSTABLE">
<col>
<col>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Keyword</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>public-domain</td>
<td>No license required for any purpose; the work
is not subject to copyright in any
jurisdiction.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Apache</td>
<td>Apache license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/Apache-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/Apache-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Artistic</td>
<td>Artistic license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/Artistic-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/Artistic-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD-2-clause</td>
<td>Berkeley software distribution license,
<a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause"
target="_top">2-clause version</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD-3-clause</td>
<td>Berkeley software distribution license,
<a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause"
target="_top">3-clause version</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD-4-clause</td>
<td>Berkeley software distribution license,
<a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-4-Clause"
target="_top">4-clause version</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ISC</td>
<td><a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/ISC" target=
"_top">Internet Software Consortium</a>, sometimes
also known as the OpenBSD License.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY-SA</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike
license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY-ND</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives
license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY-NC</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY-NC-SA</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
Share Alike license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-SA-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC-BY-NC-ND</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No
Derivatives license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-2.5" target=
"_top">2.5</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC0</td>
<td>Creative Commons Zero <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0 Universal</a>. Omit <span class=
"QUOTE">"Universal"</span> from the license version
when forming the short name.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CDDL</td>
<td>Common Development and Distribution License
<a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/CDDL-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CPL</td>
<td><a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/CPL-1.0"
target="_top">IBM Common Public License</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EFL</td>
<td>The Eiffel Forum License <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/EFL-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/EFL-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Expat</td>
<td>The <a href=
"http://www.jclark.com/xml/copying.txt" target=
"_top">Expat</a> license.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GPL</td>
<td>GNU General Public License <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LGPL</td>
<td>GNU Lesser General Public License <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/LGPL-2.1" target=
"_top">2.1</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/LGPL-3.0" target=
"_top">3.0</a>, or GNU Library General Public
License <a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/LGPL-2.0"
target="_top">2.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GFDL</td>
<td>GNU Free Documentation License 1.0, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GFDL-1.1" target=
"_top">1.1</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GFDL-1.2" target=
"_top">1.2</a>, or <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/GFDL-1.3" target=
"_top">1.3</a>. Use GFDL-NIV instead if there are
no Front-Cover or Back-Cover Texts or Invariant
Sections.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GFDL-NIV</td>
<td>GNU Free Documentation License, with no
Front-Cover or Back-Cover Texts or Invariant
Sections. Use the same version numbers as
GFDL.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LPPL</td>
<td><a href="http://www.latex-project.org/lppl/"
target="_top">LaTeX Project Public License</a>
<a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/LPPL-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/LPPL-1.1" target=
"_top">1.1</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/LPPL-1.2" target=
"_top">1.2</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/LPPL-1.3c" target=
"_top">1.3c</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MPL</td>
<td>Mozilla Public License <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/MPL-1.1" target=
"_top">1.1</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Perl</td>
<td><a href="http://dev.perl.org/licenses/" target=
"_top">Perl</a> license (use <span class=
"QUOTE">"<tt class="literal">GPL-1+ or
Artistic-1</tt>"</span> instead).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Python</td>
<td>Python license <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/Python-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QPL</td>
<td>Q Public License <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/QPL-1.0" target=
"_top">1.0</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>W3C</td>
<td><a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/W3C" target=
"_top">W3C Software License</a> For more
information, consult the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/IPR-FAQ-20000620"
target="_top">W3C Intellectual Rights FAQ</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Zlib</td>
<td><a href="http://spdx.org/licenses/Zlib" target=
"_top">zlib/libpng license</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Zope</td>
<td>Zope Public License 1.0, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/ZPL-1.1" target=
"_top">1.1</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/ZPL-2.0" target=
"_top">2.0</a>, <a href=
"http://spdx.org/licenses/ZPL-2.1" target=
"_top">2.1</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>There are <a href=
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License#Various_versions"
target="_top">many versions of the MIT license</a>. Please
use Expat instead, when it matches.</p>
<p>An exception or clarification to a license is signalled
in plain text, by appending <tt class="literal">with
<code class="varname"><tt class=
"replaceable"><i>keywords</i></tt></code> exception</tt> to
the short name. This document provides a list of keywords
that must be used when referring to the most frequent
exceptions. When exceptions other than these are in effect
that modify a common license by granting additional
permissions, you may use an arbitrary keyword not taken
from the below list of keywords. When a license differs
from a common license because of added restrictions rather
than because of added permissions, a distinct short name
should be used instead of <tt class="literal">with
<code class="varname"><tt class=
"replaceable"><i>keywords</i></tt></code>
exception</tt>.</p>
<p>Only one exception may be specified for each license
within a given license specification. If more than one
exception applies to a single license, an arbitrary short
name indicating that combination of multiple exceptions
must be used instead.</p>
<p>The GPL <tt class="literal">Font</tt> exception refers
to the text added to the license notice of each file as
specified at <a href=
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq#FontException" target=
"_top">How does the GPL apply to fonts</a>. The precise
text corresponding to this exception is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
As a special exception, if you create a document which uses this font,
and embed this font or unaltered portions of this font into the
document, this font does not by itself cause the resulting document to
be covered by the GNU General Public License. This exception does not
however invalidate any other reasons why the document might be covered
by the GNU General Public License. If you modify this font, you may
extend this exception to your version of the font, but you are not
obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception
statement from your version.
</pre>
<p>The GPL <tt class="literal">OpenSSL</tt> exception gives
permission to link GPL-licensed code with the OpenSSL
library, which contains GPL-incompatible clauses. For more
information, see <a href=
"http://www.gnome.org/~markmc/openssl-and-the-gpl" target=
"_top">The OpenSSL License and The GPL</a> by Mark
McLoughlin and the message <a href=
"http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2004/05/msg00595.html"
target="_top">middleman software license conflicts with
OpenSSL</a> by Mark McLoughlin on the <span class=
"emphasis"><i class="emphasis">debian-legal</i></span>
mailing list. The text corresponding to this exception
is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders give
permission to link the code of portions of this program with the
OpenSSL library under certain conditions as described in each
individual source file, and distribute linked combinations including
the two.
You must obey the GNU General Public License in all respects for all
of the code used other than OpenSSL. If you modify file(s) with this
exception, you may extend this exception to your version of the
file(s), but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do
so, delete this exception statement from your version. If you delete
this exception statement from all source files in the program, then
also delete it here.
</pre>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h4 class="section"><a name="public-domain" id=
"public-domain">Public domain</a></h4>
<p>The <code class="varname">License</code> short name
<tt class="literal">public-domain</tt> does not refer to
a set of license terms. There are some works which are
not subject to copyright in any jurisdiction and
therefore no license is required for any purpose covered
by copyright law. This short name is an explicit
declaration that the associated files are <span class=
"QUOTE">"in the public domain"</span>.</p>
<p>Widespread misunderstanding about copyright in
general, and the public domain in particular, results in
the common assertion that a work is in the public domain
when this is partly or wholly untrue for that work. The
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"
target="_top">Wikipedia article on public domain</a> is a
useful reference for this subject.</p>
<p>When the <code class="varname">License</code> field in
a paragraph has the short name <tt class=
"literal">public-domain</tt>, the remaining lines of the
field <span class="emphasis"><i class=
"emphasis">must</i></span> explain exactly what exemption
the corresponding files for that paragraph have from
default copyright restrictions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="license-syntax" id=
"license-syntax">Syntax</a></h3>
<p>License names are case-insensitive, and may not contain
spaces.</p>
<p>In case of multi-licensing, the license short names are
separated by <tt class="literal">or</tt> when the user can
chose between different licenses, and by <tt class=
"literal">and</tt> when use of the work must simultaneously
comply with the terms of multiple licenses.</p>
<p>For instance, this is a simple, <span class="QUOTE">"GPL
version 2 or later"</span> field:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
License: GPL-2+
</pre>This is a dual-licensed GPL/Artistic work such as Perl:
<pre class="programlisting">
License: GPL-1+ or Artistic
</pre>This is for a file that has both GPL and classic BSD code in
it:
<pre class="programlisting">
License: GPL-2+ and BSD-3-clause
</pre>For the most complex cases, a comma is used to disambiguate
the priority of <tt class="literal">or</tt>s and <tt class=
"literal">and</tt>s. The conjunction <span class=
"QUOTE">"<tt class="literal">and</tt>"</span> has priority
over <span class="QUOTE">"<tt class=
"literal">or</tt>"</span> unless preceded by a comma. For
instance:
<p><tt class="literal">A or B and C</tt> means <tt class=
"literal">A or (B and C)</tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">A or B, and C</tt> means <tt class=
"literal">(A or B) and C</tt>.</p>
<p>This is for a file that has Perl code and classic BSD
code in it:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
License: GPL-2+ or Artistic-2.0, and BSD-3-clause
</pre>A <tt class="literal">GPL-2+</tt> work with the
<tt class="literal">OpenSSL</tt> exception is in effect a
dual-licensed work that can be redistributed either under
the <tt class="literal">GPL-2+</tt>, or under the
<tt class="literal">GPL-2+</tt> with the <tt class=
"literal">OpenSSL</tt> exception. It is thus expressed as
<tt class="literal">GPL-2+ with OpenSSL exception</tt>. A
possible <code class="varname">License</code> field for
such a license is:
<pre class="programlisting">
License: GPL-2+ with OpenSSL exception
This program is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
.
In addition, as a special exception, the author of this
program gives permission to link the code of its
release with the OpenSSL project's "OpenSSL" library (or
with modified versions of it that use the same license as
the "OpenSSL" library), and distribute the linked
executables. You must obey the GNU General Public
License in all respects for all of the code used other
than "OpenSSL". If you modify this file, you may extend
this exception to your version of the file, but you are
not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so,
delete this exception statement from your version.
.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
details.
.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this package; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.
On Debian systems, the full text of the GNU General Public
License version 2 can be found in the file
`/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2'.
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h3 class="section"><a name="spdx" id="spdx">SPDX</a></h3>
<p><a href="http://spdx.org/" target="_top">SPDX</a> is an
attempt to standardize a format for communicating the
components, licenses and copyrights associated with a
software package. It and the machine-readable <tt class=
"filename">debian/copyright</tt> format attempt to be
somewhat compatible. However, the two formats have
different aims, and so the formats are different. The
<a href="http://wiki.debian.org/Proposals/CopyrightFormat"
target="_top">DEP5 wiki page</a> will be used to track the
differences.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<hr>
<h2 class="section"><a name="examples" id=
"examples">Examples</a></h2>
<div class="example">
<a name="AEN529" id="AEN529"></a>
<p><b>Example 3. Simple</b></p>
<p>A possible <tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt>
file for the program <span class="QUOTE">"X
Solitaire"</span> distributed in the Debian source package
<tt class="literal">xsol</tt>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
Upstream-Name: X Solitaire
Source: ftp://ftp.example.com/pub/games
Files: *
Copyright: Copyright 1998 John Doe <jdoe@example.com>
License: GPL-2+
This program is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
details.
.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this package; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.
On Debian systems, the full text of the GNU General Public
License version 2 can be found in the file
`/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2'.
Files: debian/*
Copyright: Copyright 1998 Jane Smith <jsmith@example.net>
License: GPL-2+
[LICENSE TEXT]
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<a name="AEN536" id="AEN536"></a>
<p><b>Example 4. Complex</b></p>
<p>A possible <tt class="filename">debian/copyright</tt>
file for the program <span class="QUOTE">"Planet
Venus"</span>, distributed in the Debian source package
<tt class="literal">planet-venus</tt>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
Upstream-Name: Planet Venus
Upstream-Contact: John Doe <jdoe@example.com>
Source: http://www.example.com/code/venus
Files: *
Copyright: 2008, John Doe <jdoe@example.com>
2007, Jane Smith <jsmith@example.org>
2007, Joe Average <joe@example.org>
2007, J. Random User <jr@users.example.com>
License: PSF-2
[LICENSE TEXT]
Files: debian/*
Copyright: 2008, Dan Developer <dan@debian.example.com>
License: permissive
Copying and distribution of this package, with or without
modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty
provided the copyright notice and this notice are
preserved.
Files: debian/patches/theme-diveintomark.patch
Copyright: 2008, Joe Hacker <hack@example.org>
License: GPL-2+
[LICENSE TEXT]
Files: planet/vendor/compat_logging/*
Copyright: 2002, Mark Smith <msmith@example.org>
License: MIT
[LICENSE TEXT]
Files: planet/vendor/httplib2/*
Copyright: 2006, John Brown <brown@example.org>
License: MIT2
Unspecified MIT style license.
Files: planet/vendor/feedparser.py
Copyright: 2007, Mike Smith <mike@example.org>
License: PSF-2
[LICENSE TEXT]
Files: planet/vendor/htmltmpl.py
Copyright: 2004, Thomas Brown <coder@example.org>
License: GPL-2+
This program is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
details.
.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this package; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.
On Debian systems, the full text of the GNU General Public
License version 2 can be found in the file
`/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2'.
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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