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Next: <a href="The-PolyORB-generic-middleware.html#The-PolyORB-generic-middleware" accesskey="n" rel="next">The PolyORB generic middleware</a>, Previous: <a href="Introduction-to-distributed-systems.html#Introduction-to-distributed-systems" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction to distributed systems</a>, Up: <a href="Introduction-to-PolyORB.html#Introduction-to-PolyORB" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction to PolyORB</a> &nbsp; [<a href="About-This-Guide.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<a name="Distribution-models-and-middleware-standards-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.2 Distribution models and middleware standards</h3>

<p>Middleware provides a framework that hides the complex issues of
distribution, and offers the programmer high-level abstractions that
allow easy and transparent construction of distributed applications.
A number of different standards exist for creating object-oriented
distributed applications. These standards define two subsystems that
enable interaction between application partitions:
</p>
<ul>
<li> the API seen by the developer&rsquo;s applicative objects;

</li><li> the protocol used by the middleware environment to interact with
other nodes in the distributed application.


</li></ul>


<p>Middleware implementations also offer programming guidelines and
development tools to ease the construction of large heterogeneous
distributed systems. Many issues typical to distributed programming
may still arise: application architectural choice, configuration or
deployment. Since there is no &ldquo;one size fits all&rdquo; architecture,
choosing the adequate distribution middleware in its most appropriate
configuration is a key design point that dramatically impacts the
design and performance of an application.
</p>
<p>Consequently, applications need to rapidly tailor middleware to the
specific distribution model they require. A distribution model is
defined by the combination of distribution mechanisms made available
to the application. Common examples of such mechanisms are Remote
Procedure Call (RPC), Distributed Objects or Message Passing. A
distribution infrastructure or middleware refers to software that
supports one distribution model (or several), e.g.: OMG CORBA, Java
Remote Method Invocation (RMI), the Distributed Systems Annex of Ada,
Java Message Service (MOM).
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