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<div class="section" id="navigating-graphs">
<h1>Navigating Graphs<a class="headerlink" href="#navigating-graphs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>An RDF Graph is a set of RDF triples, and we try to mirror exactly this in RDFLib, and the graph tries to emulate a container type:</p>
<div class="section" id="graphs-as-iterators">
<h2>Graphs as Iterators<a class="headerlink" href="#graphs-as-iterators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>RDFLib graphs override <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.__iter__" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a> in order to support iteration over the contained triples:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">subject</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">obj</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">someGraph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subject</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">someGraph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Iterator / Container Protocols are Broken!!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="contains-check">
<h2>Contains check<a class="headerlink" href="#contains-check" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Graphs implement <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.__contains__" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.__contains__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></tt></a>, so you can check if a triple is in a graph with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">triple</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">graph</span></tt> syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">rdflib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">URIRef</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">rdflib.namespace</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RDF</span>
<span class="n">bob</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">URIRef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://example.org/people/bob"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">bob</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FOAF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Person</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"This graph knows that Bob is a person!"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that this triple does not have to be completely bound:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bob</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"This graph contains triples about Bob!"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="set-operations-on-rdflib-graphs">
<span id="graph-setops"></span><h2>Set Operations on RDFLib Graphs<a class="headerlink" href="#set-operations-on-rdflib-graphs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Graphs override several pythons operators: <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.__iadd__" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.__iadd__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iadd__()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.__isub__" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.__isub__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__isub__()</span></tt></a>, etc. This supports addition, subtraction and other set-operations on Graphs:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="19%" />
<col width="81%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">operation</th>
<th class="head">effect</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">G2</span></tt></td>
<td>return new graph with union</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">G1</span></tt></td>
<td>in place union / addition</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">G2</span></tt></td>
<td>return new graph with difference</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">G2</span></tt></td>
<td>in place difference / subtraction</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">G2</span></tt></td>
<td>intersection (triples in both graphs)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">G1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">G2</span></tt></td>
<td>xor (triples in either G1 or G2, but not in both)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">Set-operations on graphs assume bnodes are shared between graphs. This may or may not do what you want. See <a class="reference internal" href="merging.html"><em>Merging graphs</em></a> for details.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-triple-matching">
<h2>Basic Triple Matching<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-triple-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Instead of iterating through all triples, RDFLib graphs support basic triple pattern matching with a <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.triples" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.triples"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">triples()</span></tt></a> function.
This function is a generator of triples that match the pattern given by the arguments. The arguments of these are RDF terms that restrict the triples that are returned. Terms that are <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> are treated as a wildcard. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_foaf.rdf"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">triples</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FOAF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> is a person"</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">s</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">triples</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> is a </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bobgraph</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Graph</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">bobgraph</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">triples</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bob</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you are not interested in whole triples, you can get only the bits you want with the methods <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.objects" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.objects"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">objects()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.subjects" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.subjects"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">subjects()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.predicates" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.predicates"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">predicates()</span></tt></a>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">predicates_objects()</span></tt>, etc. Each take parameters for the components of the triple to constraint:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">person</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subjects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RDF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FOAF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> is a person"</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">person</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Finally, for some properties, only one value per resource makes sense (i.e they are <em>functional properties</em>, or have max-cardinality of 1). The <a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph.value" title="rdflib.graph.Graph.value"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">value()</span></tt></a> method is useful for this, as it returns just a single node, not a generator:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bob</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FOAF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># get any name of bob</span>
<span class="c"># get the one person that knows bob and raise an exception if more are found</span>
<span class="n">mbox</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FOAF</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bob</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">any</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="graph-methods-for-accessing-triples">
<h2><a class="reference internal" href="apidocs/rdflib.html#rdflib.graph.Graph" title="rdflib.graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> methods for accessing triples<a class="headerlink" href="#graph-methods-for-accessing-triples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here is a list of all convenience methods for querying Graphs:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">label</tt><big>(</big><em>subject</em>, <em>default=''</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.label"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>Query for the RDFS.label of the subject</p>
<p>Return default if no label exists or any label if multiple exist.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">preferredLabel</tt><big>(</big><em>subject</em>, <em>lang=None</em>, <em>default=None</em>, <em>labelProperties=(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel')</em>, <em>rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label'))</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.preferredLabel"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>Find the preferred label for subject.</p>
<p>By default prefers skos:prefLabels over rdfs:labels. In case at least
one prefLabel is found returns those, else returns labels. In case a
language string (e.g., ‘en’, ‘de’ or even ‘’ for no lang-tagged
literals) is given, only such labels will be considered.</p>
<p>Return a list of (labelProp, label) pairs, where labelProp is either
skos:prefLabel or rdfs:label.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">rdflib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ConjunctiveGraph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">URIRef</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDFS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Literal</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">rdflib.namespace</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SKOS</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pprint</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConjunctiveGraph</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">URIRef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'http://example.com/foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDFS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RDFS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'bar'</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preferredLabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">[(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'bar')),</span>
<span class="go"> (rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'foo'))]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SKOS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefLabel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'bla'</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preferredLabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'bla'))]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SKOS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefLabel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'blubb'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'en'</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preferredLabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'bla')),</span>
<span class="go"> (rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'blubb', lang='en'))]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preferredLabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">''</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'bla'))]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preferredLabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'en'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[(rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel'),</span>
<span class="go"> rdflib.term.Literal(u'blubb', lang='en'))]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">triples</tt><big>(</big><em>(s</em>, <em>p</em>, <em>o)</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.triples"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>Generator over the triple store</p>
<p>Returns triples that match the given triple pattern. If triple pattern
does not provide a context, all contexts will be searched.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">value</tt><big>(</big><em>subject=None</em>, <em>predicate=rdflib.term.URIRef(u'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#value')</em>, <em>object=None</em>, <em>default=None</em>, <em>any=True</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.value"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>Get a value for a pair of two criteria</p>
<p>Exactly one of subject, predicate, object must be None. Useful if one
knows that there may only be one value.</p>
<p>It is one of those situations that occur a lot, hence this
‘macro’ like utility</p>
<p>Parameters:
subject, predicate, object – exactly one must be None
default – value to be returned if no values found
any – if True, return any value in the case there is more than one,
else, raise UniquenessError</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">subjects</tt><big>(</big><em>predicate=None</em>, <em>object=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.subjects"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of subjects with the given predicate and object</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">objects</tt><big>(</big><em>subject=None</em>, <em>predicate=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.objects"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of objects with the given subject and predicate</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">predicates</tt><big>(</big><em>subject=None</em>, <em>object=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.predicates"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of predicates with the given subject and object</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">subject_objects</tt><big>(</big><em>predicate=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.subject_objects"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of (subject, object) tuples for the given predicate</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">subject_predicates</tt><big>(</big><em>object=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.subject_predicates"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of (subject, predicate) tuples for the given object</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">predicate_objects</tt><big>(</big><em>subject=None</em><big>)</big><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/rdflib/graph.html#Graph.predicate_objects"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></dt>
<dd><p>A generator of (predicate, object) tuples for the given subject</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Navigating Graphs</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#graphs-as-iterators">Graphs as Iterators</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#contains-check">Contains check</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-operations-on-rdflib-graphs">Set Operations on RDFLib Graphs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-triple-matching">Basic Triple Matching</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#graph-methods-for-accessing-triples"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt> methods for accessing triples</a></li>
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